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Possessions of the State

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1 poplice

pūblĭcus (in inscrr. also POBLICVS and POPLICVS), a, um, adj. [contr. from populicus, from populus], of or belonging to the people, State, or community; that is done for the sake or at the expense of the State; public, common.
I.
Lit.: multi suam rem bene gessere et publicam patriā procul, the business of the State, Enn. ap. Cic. Fam. 7, 6, 1 (Trag. v. 295 Vahl.):
publica magnificentia (opp. privata luxuria),
Cic. Mur. 36, 76:
sacrificia publica ac privata,
Caes. B. G. 6, 12:
injuriae,
done to the State, id. ib. 1, 12:
litterae testimonium,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 31, § 74:
memoria publica recensionis tabulis publicis impressa,
id. Mil. 27, 73:
pecunia,
id. Agr. 2, 30, 82:
publicum funus,
at the public expense, Plin. Ep. 2, 1 init.:
defunctum senatus publico funere honoravit,
Suet. Vit. 3:
causa,
an affair of State, Liv. 2, 56;
also,
a criminal process, Cic. Rosc. Am. 21, 59:
in causis judiciisque publicis,
id. Div. in Caecil. 1, 1:
largitiones,
Sall. C. 37, 7: res publica, the commonwealth, the State; v. publicus ludus, Hor. C. 4, 2, 42:
in publica commoda peccare,
id. Ep. 2, 1, 3:
incisa notis marmora publicis,
id. C. 4, 8, 13.—
B.
Subst.
1.
pūblĭcūs, i, m.
a.
A public officer, public functionary, magistrate:
si quis aut privatus aut publicus, etc.,
Caes. B. G. 6, 12: metuit publicos, the police, Plaut. Truc. 2, 7, 6.—
b.
A public slave or servant, an attendant upon a college of augurs, etc., Inscr. Orell. 24, 68 sq.; 2470; 2853 al.—
2.
publĭcum, i, n.
a.
Possessions of the State, public territory, communal property:
publicum Campanum,
Cic. Agr. 2, 30, 82.—
b.
The public purse, the public coffers or treasury, public income, revenue, etc.: solitus non modo in publico ( in public, openly; v. under II. b.), sed etiam de publico convivari, at public cost, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 44, § 105:
bona alicujus vendere et in publicum redigere,
into the public treasury, for public use, Liv. 4, 15 fin.:
in publicum emere,
id. 39, 44; 26, 27:
mille et ducenta talenta praedae in publicum retulit,
Nep. Timoth. 1, 2:
publicis male redemptis,
Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 11, § 33:
conducere publica,
to farm the public revenues, Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 77:
habere publicum,
to be a farmer of the public revenues, Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 41:
frui publico,
Cic. Prov. Cons. 5, 12; Dig. 39, 4, 1, § 1:
publicum quadragesimae in Asiā egit,
Suet. Vesp. 1:
publicum agitare,
Sen. Ep. 119, 5:
pessimo publico facere,
to the injury of the State, Liv. 2, 1, 1.—
(β).
Transf.: qui hoc salutationum publicum exercet, who receives pay (like a porter) for admitting to an audience, Sen. Const. 14, 4. —
c.
The archives of the State, public records:
ut scriptum in publico in litteris exstat,
Varr. R. R. 2, 11, 10.—
d.
The commonwealth, State, community, city:
consulere in publicum,
to deliberate for the public weal, Plin. Ep. 9, 13, 21.—
II.
Transf., common, general, public (as adj. rare, and mostly poet.):
publica lex hominum,
Pers. 5, 98:
juvenum Publica cura,
Hor. C. 2, 8, 7:
usus,
id. Ep. 2, 1, 92:
favor,
the favor of all, Ov. P. 4, 14, 56:
lux publica mundi,
the sun, id. M. 2, 35:
verba,
common, usual, id. Am. 3, 7, 12; id. A. A. 1, 144; Sen. Ep. 3, 1; 59, 1:
moneta,
current, Vulg. Gen. 23, 16.— Hence,
2.
Substt. *
a.
publica, ae, f., a public woman, Sen. Ep. 88, 37.—
b.
pu-blicum, i, n., a public place, publicity (freq. and class.):
NEVE IN POPLICOD NEVE IN PREIVATOD, S. C. de Bacchan.: IN. POPLICO, Tab. Bantin. lin. 3: in publico esse non audet, includit se domi,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 35, § 92:
summa in publico copia,
id. Tusc. 5, 35, 102:
epistulam in publico proponere,
publicly, id. Att. 8, 9, 2:
prodire in publicum,
to go out in public, id. Verr. 2, 1, 31, § 80:
egredi,
Tac. H. 4, 49:
carere publico,
not to go out in public, to remain at home, Cic. Mil. 7, 18:
abstinere publico,
Tac. A. 3, 3; Suet. Claud. 36:
lectica per publicum vehi,
id. Ner. 9:
oratio, quam nuper in publicum dedi,
published, Plin. Ep. 8, 3, 2.—
B.
General, in a bad sense, i. e. common, ordinary, bad (very rare):
structura carminis,
Ov. P. 4, 13, 4:
vatem, cui non sit publica vena,
Juv. 7, 53:
sermo non publici saporis,
Petr. 3.—Hence, adv.: pu-blĭcē ( poplice).
A.
On account, at the cost, in behalf, or in charge of the State:
haud scio mali quid ortum ex hoc sit publice,
Ter. Ad. 3, 3, 89:
AES. ARGENTVM. AVRVMVE. PVPLICE. SIGNANTO,
to provide with the public stamp, Cic. Leg. 3, 3, 6: VT BONA EIVS POPLICE POSSIDEANTVR FACITO, for the State, in charge of the State, Tab. Bantin. lin. 9:
sunt illustriora, quae publice fiunt,
Cic. Rep. 3, 12, 21:
disciplina puerilis publice exposita,
on the part of the State, by the State, id. ib. 4, 3, 3:
publice interfici,
by order of the State, id. Brut. 62, 224:
legationis princeps publice dixit,
in the name of the State, id. Verr. 2, 3, 44, § 105:
publice maximam putant esse laudem, quam latissime a suis finibus vacare agros,
in a national point of view, Caes. B. G. 4, 3:
frumentum, quod Aedui essent publice polliciti,
for the State, in the name of the State, id. ib. 1, 16:
gratiam atque amicitiam publice privatimque petere,
on behalf of the public, and as individuals, id. ib. 5, 55 fin.; id. B. C. 2, 16:
ea privatim et publice rapere,
Sall. C. 11, 6:
potius publice quam privatim amicitiam populi Ron ani colere,
id. J. 8, 2; id. C. 49, 3:
Minucius eandem publice curationem agens, quam Maelius privatim agendam susceperat,
Liv. 4, 13:
neque publice neque privatim,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 6, § 16:
ut filiae ejus publice alerentur,
at the public expense, Nep. Arist. 3, 3: in urbe, celeberrimo loco elatus publice, id. Dion, 10, 3; cf. Liv. 5, 55; Plin. 33, 1, 4, § 11.—
B.
Generally, all together, universally:
exulatum publice ire,
Liv. 5, 53 fin.; Dig. 39, 2, 24:
Labeo consulentibus de jure publice responsitavit,
all without exception, Gell. 13, 10, 1.—
C.
Before the people, openly, publicly, = palam (only post-class.):
publice disserere,
Gell. 17, 21, 1:
virtutem Claudii publice praedicare,
Treb. Pol. Claud. 17:
rumor publice crebuerat,
App. M. 10, p. 247, 16; id. Mag. p. 276, 35; id. M. 2, p. 118, 10.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > poplice
2 publica

pūblĭcus (in inscrr. also POBLICVS and POPLICVS), a, um, adj. [contr. from populicus, from populus], of or belonging to the people, State, or community; that is done for the sake or at the expense of the State; public, common.
I.
Lit.: multi suam rem bene gessere et publicam patriā procul, the business of the State, Enn. ap. Cic. Fam. 7, 6, 1 (Trag. v. 295 Vahl.):
publica magnificentia (opp. privata luxuria),
Cic. Mur. 36, 76:
sacrificia publica ac privata,
Caes. B. G. 6, 12:
injuriae,
done to the State, id. ib. 1, 12:
litterae testimonium,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 31, § 74:
memoria publica recensionis tabulis publicis impressa,
id. Mil. 27, 73:
pecunia,
id. Agr. 2, 30, 82:
publicum funus,
at the public expense, Plin. Ep. 2, 1 init.:
defunctum senatus publico funere honoravit,
Suet. Vit. 3:
causa,
an affair of State, Liv. 2, 56;
also,
a criminal process, Cic. Rosc. Am. 21, 59:
in causis judiciisque publicis,
id. Div. in Caecil. 1, 1:
largitiones,
Sall. C. 37, 7: res publica, the commonwealth, the State; v. publicus ludus, Hor. C. 4, 2, 42:
in publica commoda peccare,
id. Ep. 2, 1, 3:
incisa notis marmora publicis,
id. C. 4, 8, 13.—
B.
Subst.
1.
pūblĭcūs, i, m.
a.
A public officer, public functionary, magistrate:
si quis aut privatus aut publicus, etc.,
Caes. B. G. 6, 12: metuit publicos, the police, Plaut. Truc. 2, 7, 6.—
b.
A public slave or servant, an attendant upon a college of augurs, etc., Inscr. Orell. 24, 68 sq.; 2470; 2853 al.—
2.
publĭcum, i, n.
a.
Possessions of the State, public territory, communal property:
publicum Campanum,
Cic. Agr. 2, 30, 82.—
b.
The public purse, the public coffers or treasury, public income, revenue, etc.: solitus non modo in publico ( in public, openly; v. under II. b.), sed etiam de publico convivari, at public cost, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 44, § 105:
bona alicujus vendere et in publicum redigere,
into the public treasury, for public use, Liv. 4, 15 fin.:
in publicum emere,
id. 39, 44; 26, 27:
mille et ducenta talenta praedae in publicum retulit,
Nep. Timoth. 1, 2:
publicis male redemptis,
Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 11, § 33:
conducere publica,
to farm the public revenues, Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 77:
habere publicum,
to be a farmer of the public revenues, Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 41:
frui publico,
Cic. Prov. Cons. 5, 12; Dig. 39, 4, 1, § 1:
publicum quadragesimae in Asiā egit,
Suet. Vesp. 1:
publicum agitare,
Sen. Ep. 119, 5:
pessimo publico facere,
to the injury of the State, Liv. 2, 1, 1.—
(β).
Transf.: qui hoc salutationum publicum exercet, who receives pay (like a porter) for admitting to an audience, Sen. Const. 14, 4. —
c.
The archives of the State, public records:
ut scriptum in publico in litteris exstat,
Varr. R. R. 2, 11, 10.—
d.
The commonwealth, State, community, city:
consulere in publicum,
to deliberate for the public weal, Plin. Ep. 9, 13, 21.—
II.
Transf., common, general, public (as adj. rare, and mostly poet.):
publica lex hominum,
Pers. 5, 98:
juvenum Publica cura,
Hor. C. 2, 8, 7:
usus,
id. Ep. 2, 1, 92:
favor,
the favor of all, Ov. P. 4, 14, 56:
lux publica mundi,
the sun, id. M. 2, 35:
verba,
common, usual, id. Am. 3, 7, 12; id. A. A. 1, 144; Sen. Ep. 3, 1; 59, 1:
moneta,
current, Vulg. Gen. 23, 16.— Hence,
2.
Substt. *
a.
publica, ae, f., a public woman, Sen. Ep. 88, 37.—
b.
pu-blicum, i, n., a public place, publicity (freq. and class.):
NEVE IN POPLICOD NEVE IN PREIVATOD, S. C. de Bacchan.: IN. POPLICO, Tab. Bantin. lin. 3: in publico esse non audet, includit se domi,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 35, § 92:
summa in publico copia,
id. Tusc. 5, 35, 102:
epistulam in publico proponere,
publicly, id. Att. 8, 9, 2:
prodire in publicum,
to go out in public, id. Verr. 2, 1, 31, § 80:
egredi,
Tac. H. 4, 49:
carere publico,
not to go out in public, to remain at home, Cic. Mil. 7, 18:
abstinere publico,
Tac. A. 3, 3; Suet. Claud. 36:
lectica per publicum vehi,
id. Ner. 9:
oratio, quam nuper in publicum dedi,
published, Plin. Ep. 8, 3, 2.—
B.
General, in a bad sense, i. e. common, ordinary, bad (very rare):
structura carminis,
Ov. P. 4, 13, 4:
vatem, cui non sit publica vena,
Juv. 7, 53:
sermo non publici saporis,
Petr. 3.—Hence, adv.: pu-blĭcē ( poplice).
A.
On account, at the cost, in behalf, or in charge of the State:
haud scio mali quid ortum ex hoc sit publice,
Ter. Ad. 3, 3, 89:
AES. ARGENTVM. AVRVMVE. PVPLICE. SIGNANTO,
to provide with the public stamp, Cic. Leg. 3, 3, 6: VT BONA EIVS POPLICE POSSIDEANTVR FACITO, for the State, in charge of the State, Tab. Bantin. lin. 9:
sunt illustriora, quae publice fiunt,
Cic. Rep. 3, 12, 21:
disciplina puerilis publice exposita,
on the part of the State, by the State, id. ib. 4, 3, 3:
publice interfici,
by order of the State, id. Brut. 62, 224:
legationis princeps publice dixit,
in the name of the State, id. Verr. 2, 3, 44, § 105:
publice maximam putant esse laudem, quam latissime a suis finibus vacare agros,
in a national point of view, Caes. B. G. 4, 3:
frumentum, quod Aedui essent publice polliciti,
for the State, in the name of the State, id. ib. 1, 16:
gratiam atque amicitiam publice privatimque petere,
on behalf of the public, and as individuals, id. ib. 5, 55 fin.; id. B. C. 2, 16:
ea privatim et publice rapere,
Sall. C. 11, 6:
potius publice quam privatim amicitiam populi Ron ani colere,
id. J. 8, 2; id. C. 49, 3:
Minucius eandem publice curationem agens, quam Maelius privatim agendam susceperat,
Liv. 4, 13:
neque publice neque privatim,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 6, § 16:
ut filiae ejus publice alerentur,
at the public expense, Nep. Arist. 3, 3: in urbe, celeberrimo loco elatus publice, id. Dion, 10, 3; cf. Liv. 5, 55; Plin. 33, 1, 4, § 11.—
B.
Generally, all together, universally:
exulatum publice ire,
Liv. 5, 53 fin.; Dig. 39, 2, 24:
Labeo consulentibus de jure publice responsitavit,
all without exception, Gell. 13, 10, 1.—
C.
Before the people, openly, publicly, = palam (only post-class.):
publice disserere,
Gell. 17, 21, 1:
virtutem Claudii publice praedicare,
Treb. Pol. Claud. 17:
rumor publice crebuerat,
App. M. 10, p. 247, 16; id. Mag. p. 276, 35; id. M. 2, p. 118, 10.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > publica
3 publicum

pūblĭcus (in inscrr. also POBLICVS and POPLICVS), a, um, adj. [contr. from populicus, from populus], of or belonging to the people, State, or community; that is done for the sake or at the expense of the State; public, common.
I.
Lit.: multi suam rem bene gessere et publicam patriā procul, the business of the State, Enn. ap. Cic. Fam. 7, 6, 1 (Trag. v. 295 Vahl.):
publica magnificentia (opp. privata luxuria),
Cic. Mur. 36, 76:
sacrificia publica ac privata,
Caes. B. G. 6, 12:
injuriae,
done to the State, id. ib. 1, 12:
litterae testimonium,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 31, § 74:
memoria publica recensionis tabulis publicis impressa,
id. Mil. 27, 73:
pecunia,
id. Agr. 2, 30, 82:
publicum funus,
at the public expense, Plin. Ep. 2, 1 init.:
defunctum senatus publico funere honoravit,
Suet. Vit. 3:
causa,
an affair of State, Liv. 2, 56;
also,
a criminal process, Cic. Rosc. Am. 21, 59:
in causis judiciisque publicis,
id. Div. in Caecil. 1, 1:
largitiones,
Sall. C. 37, 7: res publica, the commonwealth, the State; v. publicus ludus, Hor. C. 4, 2, 42:
in publica commoda peccare,
id. Ep. 2, 1, 3:
incisa notis marmora publicis,
id. C. 4, 8, 13.—
B.
Subst.
1.
pūblĭcūs, i, m.
a.
A public officer, public functionary, magistrate:
si quis aut privatus aut publicus, etc.,
Caes. B. G. 6, 12: metuit publicos, the police, Plaut. Truc. 2, 7, 6.—
b.
A public slave or servant, an attendant upon a college of augurs, etc., Inscr. Orell. 24, 68 sq.; 2470; 2853 al.—
2.
publĭcum, i, n.
a.
Possessions of the State, public territory, communal property:
publicum Campanum,
Cic. Agr. 2, 30, 82.—
b.
The public purse, the public coffers or treasury, public income, revenue, etc.: solitus non modo in publico ( in public, openly; v. under II. b.), sed etiam de publico convivari, at public cost, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 44, § 105:
bona alicujus vendere et in publicum redigere,
into the public treasury, for public use, Liv. 4, 15 fin.:
in publicum emere,
id. 39, 44; 26, 27:
mille et ducenta talenta praedae in publicum retulit,
Nep. Timoth. 1, 2:
publicis male redemptis,
Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 11, § 33:
conducere publica,
to farm the public revenues, Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 77:
habere publicum,
to be a farmer of the public revenues, Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 41:
frui publico,
Cic. Prov. Cons. 5, 12; Dig. 39, 4, 1, § 1:
publicum quadragesimae in Asiā egit,
Suet. Vesp. 1:
publicum agitare,
Sen. Ep. 119, 5:
pessimo publico facere,
to the injury of the State, Liv. 2, 1, 1.—
(β).
Transf.: qui hoc salutationum publicum exercet, who receives pay (like a porter) for admitting to an audience, Sen. Const. 14, 4. —
c.
The archives of the State, public records:
ut scriptum in publico in litteris exstat,
Varr. R. R. 2, 11, 10.—
d.
The commonwealth, State, community, city:
consulere in publicum,
to deliberate for the public weal, Plin. Ep. 9, 13, 21.—
II.
Transf., common, general, public (as adj. rare, and mostly poet.):
publica lex hominum,
Pers. 5, 98:
juvenum Publica cura,
Hor. C. 2, 8, 7:
usus,
id. Ep. 2, 1, 92:
favor,
the favor of all, Ov. P. 4, 14, 56:
lux publica mundi,
the sun, id. M. 2, 35:
verba,
common, usual, id. Am. 3, 7, 12; id. A. A. 1, 144; Sen. Ep. 3, 1; 59, 1:
moneta,
current, Vulg. Gen. 23, 16.— Hence,
2.
Substt. *
a.
publica, ae, f., a public woman, Sen. Ep. 88, 37.—
b.
pu-blicum, i, n., a public place, publicity (freq. and class.):
NEVE IN POPLICOD NEVE IN PREIVATOD, S. C. de Bacchan.: IN. POPLICO, Tab. Bantin. lin. 3: in publico esse non audet, includit se domi,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 35, § 92:
summa in publico copia,
id. Tusc. 5, 35, 102:
epistulam in publico proponere,
publicly, id. Att. 8, 9, 2:
prodire in publicum,
to go out in public, id. Verr. 2, 1, 31, § 80:
egredi,
Tac. H. 4, 49:
carere publico,
not to go out in public, to remain at home, Cic. Mil. 7, 18:
abstinere publico,
Tac. A. 3, 3; Suet. Claud. 36:
lectica per publicum vehi,
id. Ner. 9:
oratio, quam nuper in publicum dedi,
published, Plin. Ep. 8, 3, 2.—
B.
General, in a bad sense, i. e. common, ordinary, bad (very rare):
structura carminis,
Ov. P. 4, 13, 4:
vatem, cui non sit publica vena,
Juv. 7, 53:
sermo non publici saporis,
Petr. 3.—Hence, adv.: pu-blĭcē ( poplice).
A.
On account, at the cost, in behalf, or in charge of the State:
haud scio mali quid ortum ex hoc sit publice,
Ter. Ad. 3, 3, 89:
AES. ARGENTVM. AVRVMVE. PVPLICE. SIGNANTO,
to provide with the public stamp, Cic. Leg. 3, 3, 6: VT BONA EIVS POPLICE POSSIDEANTVR FACITO, for the State, in charge of the State, Tab. Bantin. lin. 9:
sunt illustriora, quae publice fiunt,
Cic. Rep. 3, 12, 21:
disciplina puerilis publice exposita,
on the part of the State, by the State, id. ib. 4, 3, 3:
publice interfici,
by order of the State, id. Brut. 62, 224:
legationis princeps publice dixit,
in the name of the State, id. Verr. 2, 3, 44, § 105:
publice maximam putant esse laudem, quam latissime a suis finibus vacare agros,
in a national point of view, Caes. B. G. 4, 3:
frumentum, quod Aedui essent publice polliciti,
for the State, in the name of the State, id. ib. 1, 16:
gratiam atque amicitiam publice privatimque petere,
on behalf of the public, and as individuals, id. ib. 5, 55 fin.; id. B. C. 2, 16:
ea privatim et publice rapere,
Sall. C. 11, 6:
potius publice quam privatim amicitiam populi Ron ani colere,
id. J. 8, 2; id. C. 49, 3:
Minucius eandem publice curationem agens, quam Maelius privatim agendam susceperat,
Liv. 4, 13:
neque publice neque privatim,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 6, § 16:
ut filiae ejus publice alerentur,
at the public expense, Nep. Arist. 3, 3: in urbe, celeberrimo loco elatus publice, id. Dion, 10, 3; cf. Liv. 5, 55; Plin. 33, 1, 4, § 11.—
B.
Generally, all together, universally:
exulatum publice ire,
Liv. 5, 53 fin.; Dig. 39, 2, 24:
Labeo consulentibus de jure publice responsitavit,
all without exception, Gell. 13, 10, 1.—
C.
Before the people, openly, publicly, = palam (only post-class.):
publice disserere,
Gell. 17, 21, 1:
virtutem Claudii publice praedicare,
Treb. Pol. Claud. 17:
rumor publice crebuerat,
App. M. 10, p. 247, 16; id. Mag. p. 276, 35; id. M. 2, p. 118, 10.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > publicum
4 publicus

pūblĭcus (in inscrr. also POBLICVS and POPLICVS), a, um, adj. [contr. from populicus, from populus], of or belonging to the people, State, or community; that is done for the sake or at the expense of the State; public, common.
I.
Lit.: multi suam rem bene gessere et publicam patriā procul, the business of the State, Enn. ap. Cic. Fam. 7, 6, 1 (Trag. v. 295 Vahl.):
publica magnificentia (opp. privata luxuria),
Cic. Mur. 36, 76:
sacrificia publica ac privata,
Caes. B. G. 6, 12:
injuriae,
done to the State, id. ib. 1, 12:
litterae testimonium,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 31, § 74:
memoria publica recensionis tabulis publicis impressa,
id. Mil. 27, 73:
pecunia,
id. Agr. 2, 30, 82:
publicum funus,
at the public expense, Plin. Ep. 2, 1 init.:
defunctum senatus publico funere honoravit,
Suet. Vit. 3:
causa,
an affair of State, Liv. 2, 56;
also,
a criminal process, Cic. Rosc. Am. 21, 59:
in causis judiciisque publicis,
id. Div. in Caecil. 1, 1:
largitiones,
Sall. C. 37, 7: res publica, the commonwealth, the State; v. publicus ludus, Hor. C. 4, 2, 42:
in publica commoda peccare,
id. Ep. 2, 1, 3:
incisa notis marmora publicis,
id. C. 4, 8, 13.—
B.
Subst.
1.
pūblĭcūs, i, m.
a.
A public officer, public functionary, magistrate:
si quis aut privatus aut publicus, etc.,
Caes. B. G. 6, 12: metuit publicos, the police, Plaut. Truc. 2, 7, 6.—
b.
A public slave or servant, an attendant upon a college of augurs, etc., Inscr. Orell. 24, 68 sq.; 2470; 2853 al.—
2.
publĭcum, i, n.
a.
Possessions of the State, public territory, communal property:
publicum Campanum,
Cic. Agr. 2, 30, 82.—
b.
The public purse, the public coffers or treasury, public income, revenue, etc.: solitus non modo in publico ( in public, openly; v. under II. b.), sed etiam de publico convivari, at public cost, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 44, § 105:
bona alicujus vendere et in publicum redigere,
into the public treasury, for public use, Liv. 4, 15 fin.:
in publicum emere,
id. 39, 44; 26, 27:
mille et ducenta talenta praedae in publicum retulit,
Nep. Timoth. 1, 2:
publicis male redemptis,
Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 11, § 33:
conducere publica,
to farm the public revenues, Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 77:
habere publicum,
to be a farmer of the public revenues, Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 41:
frui publico,
Cic. Prov. Cons. 5, 12; Dig. 39, 4, 1, § 1:
publicum quadragesimae in Asiā egit,
Suet. Vesp. 1:
publicum agitare,
Sen. Ep. 119, 5:
pessimo publico facere,
to the injury of the State, Liv. 2, 1, 1.—
(β).
Transf.: qui hoc salutationum publicum exercet, who receives pay (like a porter) for admitting to an audience, Sen. Const. 14, 4. —
c.
The archives of the State, public records:
ut scriptum in publico in litteris exstat,
Varr. R. R. 2, 11, 10.—
d.
The commonwealth, State, community, city:
consulere in publicum,
to deliberate for the public weal, Plin. Ep. 9, 13, 21.—
II.
Transf., common, general, public (as adj. rare, and mostly poet.):
publica lex hominum,
Pers. 5, 98:
juvenum Publica cura,
Hor. C. 2, 8, 7:
usus,
id. Ep. 2, 1, 92:
favor,
the favor of all, Ov. P. 4, 14, 56:
lux publica mundi,
the sun, id. M. 2, 35:
verba,
common, usual, id. Am. 3, 7, 12; id. A. A. 1, 144; Sen. Ep. 3, 1; 59, 1:
moneta,
current, Vulg. Gen. 23, 16.— Hence,
2.
Substt. *
a.
publica, ae, f., a public woman, Sen. Ep. 88, 37.—
b.
pu-blicum, i, n., a public place, publicity (freq. and class.):
NEVE IN POPLICOD NEVE IN PREIVATOD, S. C. de Bacchan.: IN. POPLICO, Tab. Bantin. lin. 3: in publico esse non audet, includit se domi,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 35, § 92:
summa in publico copia,
id. Tusc. 5, 35, 102:
epistulam in publico proponere,
publicly, id. Att. 8, 9, 2:
prodire in publicum,
to go out in public, id. Verr. 2, 1, 31, § 80:
egredi,
Tac. H. 4, 49:
carere publico,
not to go out in public, to remain at home, Cic. Mil. 7, 18:
abstinere publico,
Tac. A. 3, 3; Suet. Claud. 36:
lectica per publicum vehi,
id. Ner. 9:
oratio, quam nuper in publicum dedi,
published, Plin. Ep. 8, 3, 2.—
B.
General, in a bad sense, i. e. common, ordinary, bad (very rare):
structura carminis,
Ov. P. 4, 13, 4:
vatem, cui non sit publica vena,
Juv. 7, 53:
sermo non publici saporis,
Petr. 3.—Hence, adv.: pu-blĭcē ( poplice).
A.
On account, at the cost, in behalf, or in charge of the State:
haud scio mali quid ortum ex hoc sit publice,
Ter. Ad. 3, 3, 89:
AES. ARGENTVM. AVRVMVE. PVPLICE. SIGNANTO,
to provide with the public stamp, Cic. Leg. 3, 3, 6: VT BONA EIVS POPLICE POSSIDEANTVR FACITO, for the State, in charge of the State, Tab. Bantin. lin. 9:
sunt illustriora, quae publice fiunt,
Cic. Rep. 3, 12, 21:
disciplina puerilis publice exposita,
on the part of the State, by the State, id. ib. 4, 3, 3:
publice interfici,
by order of the State, id. Brut. 62, 224:
legationis princeps publice dixit,
in the name of the State, id. Verr. 2, 3, 44, § 105:
publice maximam putant esse laudem, quam latissime a suis finibus vacare agros,
in a national point of view, Caes. B. G. 4, 3:
frumentum, quod Aedui essent publice polliciti,
for the State, in the name of the State, id. ib. 1, 16:
gratiam atque amicitiam publice privatimque petere,
on behalf of the public, and as individuals, id. ib. 5, 55 fin.; id. B. C. 2, 16:
ea privatim et publice rapere,
Sall. C. 11, 6:
potius publice quam privatim amicitiam populi Ron ani colere,
id. J. 8, 2; id. C. 49, 3:
Minucius eandem publice curationem agens, quam Maelius privatim agendam susceperat,
Liv. 4, 13:
neque publice neque privatim,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 6, § 16:
ut filiae ejus publice alerentur,
at the public expense, Nep. Arist. 3, 3: in urbe, celeberrimo loco elatus publice, id. Dion, 10, 3; cf. Liv. 5, 55; Plin. 33, 1, 4, § 11.—
B.
Generally, all together, universally:
exulatum publice ire,
Liv. 5, 53 fin.; Dig. 39, 2, 24:
Labeo consulentibus de jure publice responsitavit,
all without exception, Gell. 13, 10, 1.—
C.
Before the people, openly, publicly, = palam (only post-class.):
publice disserere,
Gell. 17, 21, 1:
virtutem Claudii publice praedicare,
Treb. Pol. Claud. 17:
rumor publice crebuerat,
App. M. 10, p. 247, 16; id. Mag. p. 276, 35; id. M. 2, p. 118, 10.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > publicus
5 pūblicus

pūblicus adj. [populus], of the people, of the state, done for the state, public, common: rem bene gerere publicam, the business of the state, Enn. ap. C.: sacrificia publica ac privata, Cs.: iniuriae, to the state, Cs.: litterae testimonium: causa, an affair of state, L.: causam publicam dicere, i. e. a criminal prosecution: in causis iudiciisque publicis: largitiones, S.: ludus, H.: incisa notis marmora publicis, H.—In the phrase, res publica (often written res <*>.: less correctly as one word, respublica), a commonwealth, state, republic: ne quid detrimenti res p. caperet, S.: res R. publica: tria genera rerum p.: delere rem p.: senatūs consultis e re p. factis, for the public good: faceret quod e re p. fideque suā duceret, L.: aetatem a re p. procul habendam decrevi, from public life, S.: res p. suas retinere.—As subst n., possessions of the state, public property, state treasury, public revenue: qui (agri) in publicum Campanum incurrebant, the public lands: nihil neque privati neque publici in Siciliā reliquisse: de publico nummos accipere: de publico convivari, at public cost: bona in publicum redigere, into the public treasury, L.: frumenti quod inventum est, in publicum conferunt, the public granaries, Cs.: publicis male redemptis: conducere publica, farm the public revenues, H.: publicorum societates, i. e. of farmers of the revenue: magister scripturae et sex publicorum, i. e. branches of the revenue: frui publico: pessimo publico facere, to the injury of the state, L.— Common, general, public: aqua publica in privatum agrum fluens, L.: usus, H.: favor, the favor of all, O.: lux publica mundi, the sun, O.: verba, common, usual, O.—As subst n., a public place, publicity: pernoctare in publico: relatis in publicum Cornibus, Cs.: summa in publico copia: epistulam in publico proponere, publicly: prodire in publicum, go out in public: carere publico, be in retirement.—General, common, ordinary, vulgar: structura carminis, O.: vatem, cui non sit publica vena, Iu.
* * *

publica, publicum ADJ

public; common, of the people/state; official

res publica -- the state

Latin-English dictionary > pūblicus
6 konfiska|ta

f sgt 1. książk. (wywłaszczenie) confiscation, forfeiture
- konfiskata mienia na rzecz państwa confiscation of (personal) property by the state, forfeiture of (personal) possessions to the state
2. Prawo (utrata mienia) impoundment; (posiadanego bezprawnie) confiscation
- konfiskata nielegalnych dochodów/przemycanego towaru the confiscation of illegal earnings/smuggled goods

- sąd orzekł konfiskatę mienia the court ordered the confiscation of the property
3. książk. (druków) confiscation (of banned publications)

The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > konfiska|ta
7 aufgeben

(unreg., trennb., hat -ge-)

I vt/i (Kampf, Widerstand) give up ( oder in), abandon; SPORT, als Läufer, Teilnehmer: auch drop out, concede (defeat); Schach resign; Boxen und fig.: throw in the towel; aufgeben müssen be forced to give up ( oder admit defeat); sie gibt nicht so leicht auf she doesn’t give up that easily; du wirst doch nicht aufgeben! you’re surely not going to give up (are you)?; siehe II 3

II v/t

1. (Brief) post, Am. mail; (Gepäck) register, Am. check; (Luftgepäck) check in, baggage check; (Telegramm) send; (Bestellung) place; (Anzeige) place (an ad in the newspaper)

2. (Aufgabe) set, assign; (Frage, Problem) pose, ask; (Rätsel) ask ( oder pose); sie gibt immer sehr viel auf she always sets (Am. gives) a lot of homework; er gab ihnen auf, das Gedicht zu lernen he asked ( oder told) them to learn the poem (off) by heart ( oder by rote); Rätsel

3. (verzichten auf) allg. give up; (Amt) resign; (Beruf) retire; (Stelle) leave; (Geschäft) give up ( oder retire from); (Gewohnheit) give up; (das Rauchen, Trinken) stop; (Hoffnung, Plan) abandon, relinquish; (Anspruch, Recht) relinquish; es aufgeben zu (+ Inf.) give up (+ Ger.) ich geb’s auf I give up

4. jemanden (Kranken, Vermissten) give up (hope for); (Schüler, Kind) give up on ( oder with)

III v/refl: du darfst dich nicht aufgeben! you must not give up ( oder resign)

IV v/i Ballspiele: serve

* * *

(Brief) to mail; to post; to dispatch;

(Gepäck) to register; to check;

(Hoffnung) to give up; to surrender; to abandon;

(Tätigkeit) to give up; to dismiss; to quit; to forsake; to abdicate; to give in; to renounce

* * *
auf|ge|ben sep
1. vt

1) Hausaufgaben to give, to set; schwierige Frage, Problem to pose (jdm for sb)

jdm viel/nichts áúfgeben (Sch) — to give or set sb a lot of/no homework

2) (= übergeben, abgeben) Koffer, Gepäck to register, to check in; Fluggepäck to check in; Brief, Paket to post (Brit), to mail (esp US); Anzeige to put in, to place; Bestellung to place

3) Kampf, Hoffnung, Arbeitsstelle, Freund etc to give up

gibs auf! — why don't you give up?

4) (= verloren geben) Patienten to give up; (fig) Sohn, Schüler to give up (with or on)

5) (inf) Essen to serve

jdm etw áúfgeben — to give sb sth

2. vi

1) (= sich geschlagen geben) to give up or in; (MIL) to surrender

2) (inf bei Tisch) to serve (jdm sb)

kann ich dir noch mal áúfgeben? — can I give you some more?

* * *

1) (to give up: The dictator was forced to relinquish control of the country.) relinquish

2) ((of a business) to close permanently: High levels of taxation have caused many firms to close down.) close down

3) (to decide to spend no more money, effort etc on something which is proving unprofitable.) cut one's losses

4) (to stop: I've cut out smoking.) cut out

5) (abandoned and left to fall to pieces: a derelict airfield.) derelict

6) (to give up (a friend, a habit etc): I think she's dropped the idea of going to London.) drop

7) (to stop fighting and admit defeat; to yield: The soldiers were outnumbered and gave in to the enemy.) give in

8) (to stop, abandon: I must give up smoking; They gave up the search.) give up

9) (to stop using etc: You'll have to give up cigarettes; I won't give up all my hobbies for you.) give up

10) (to hand over (eg oneself or something that one has) to someone else.) give up

11) ((often with as or for) to consider (a person, thing etc) to be: You took so long to arrive that we had almost given you up (for lost).) give up

12) leave

13) (to cancel: We planned to go but had to scrub the idea.) scrub

14) (to give up; to surrender: He yielded to the other man's arguments; He yielded all his possessions to the state.) yield

15) (to leave, stop, or resign from etc: I'm going to quit teaching; They have been ordered to quit the house by next week.) quit

16) (to leave a job etc: If he criticizes my work again I'll resign; He resigned (from) his post.) resign

* * *

auf|ge·ben¹

vt irreg

1. (zu lösen geben)

▪ jdm etw \aufgeben to pose sth for sb

2. SCH (die Anfertigung von etw anordnen)

▪ [jdm] etw \aufgeben to give [or set] [sb] sth

3. (zu befördern geben)

Gepäck \aufgeben to register luggage; LUFT to check in luggage

4. (zur Aufbewahrung geben) to put in [the] left luggage [or baggage room

5. (im Postamt abgeben)

▪ etw \aufgeben to post [or mail] sth

6. (in Auftrag geben)

▪ etw \aufgeben to place [or sep put in] sth

7. DIAL (Essen zuteilen)

▪ jdm etw \aufgeben to serve sb sth

kann ich dir noch Kartoffeln \aufgeben? can serve you [any] more potatoes?

auf|ge·ben²

irreg

I. vt

1. (einstellen)

▪ etw \aufgeben to give up sth sep

den Widerstand \aufgeben to give up one's resistance

2. (etw sein lassen)

▪ jdn/etw \aufgeben to give up sb/sth sep

eine Stellung \aufgeben to resign [or sep give up] a post

3. (mit etw aufhören)

▪ etw \aufgeben to give up sth sep

eine Gewohnheit \aufgeben to break with [or sep give up] a habit

das Rauchen \aufgeben to give up smoking

eine Sucht \aufgeben to come away from an addiction

gib's auf! (fam) why don't you give up?

4. (fallen lassen)

▪ etw \aufgeben to drop sth

die Hoffnung \aufgeben to give up [or lose] hope

einen Plan \aufgeben to drop [or throw over] a plan

5. (verloren geben)

▪ jdn \aufgeben to give up with [or on] sb, to give up sb sep for lost

6. (einstellen)

▪ etw \aufgeben to give up [or close down] sth sep

7. (vorzeitig beenden)

▪ etw \aufgeben to drop [or abandon] sth

II. vi (sich geschlagen geben) to give up [or in]; MIL to surrender

* * *
1.
unregelmäßiges transitives Verb

1) give up; give up, stop <smoking, drinking>

gib's auf! — (ugs.) you might as well give up!; why don't you give up!

2) (sich trennen von) give up <habit, job, flat, business, practice, etc.>; give up, abandon, drop <plans, demand>; give up, abandon < profession, attempt>

3) (verloren geben) give up < patient>; give up hope on or with <wayward son, daughter, etc.>; give up, abandon < chessman>

sich selbst aufgeben — give oneself up for lost

4) (nicht länger zu gewinnen versuchen) give up < struggle>; retire from <race, competition>

eine Partie aufgeben — concede a game

5) (übergeben, übermitteln) post (Brit.), mail < letter, parcel>; hand in, (telefonisch) phone in < telegram>; place <advertisement, order>; check <luggage, baggage> in

6) (Schulw.): (als Hausaufgabe) set (Brit.); assign (Amer.)

7) (zur Lösung vorlegen)

jemandem ein Rätsel/eine Frage aufgeben — set (Brit.) or (Amer.) assign somebody a puzzle/pose somebody a question
2.
unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb give up; (im Sport) retire; (Schach) resign

* * *

aufgeben (irr, trennb, hat -ge-)

A. v/t & v/i (Kampf, Widerstand) give up ( oder in), abandon; SPORT, als Läufer, Teilnehmer: auch drop out, concede (defeat); Schach resign; Boxen und fig: throw in the towel;

aufgeben müssen be forced to give up ( oder admit defeat);

sie gibt nicht so leicht auf she doesn’t give up that easily;

du wirst doch nicht aufgeben! you’re surely not going to give up (are you)?; → B 3

B. v/t

1. (Brief) post, US mail; (Gepäck) register, US check; (Luftgepäck) check in, baggage check; (Telegramm) send; (Bestellung) place; (Anzeige) place (an ad in the newspaper)

2. (Aufgabe) set, assign; (Frage, Problem) pose, ask; (Rätsel) ask ( oder pose);

sie gibt immer sehr viel auf she always sets (US gives) a lot of homework;

er gab ihnen auf, das Gedicht zu lernen he asked ( oder told) them to learn the poem (off) by heart ( oder by rote); → Rätsel

3. (verzichten auf) allg give up; (Amt) resign; (Beruf) retire; (Stelle) leave; (Geschäft) give up ( oder retire from); (Gewohnheit) give up; (das Rauchen, Trinken) stop; (Hoffnung, Plan) abandon, relinquish; (Anspruch, Recht) relinquish;

es aufgeben zu (+inf) give up (+ger)

ich geb’s auf I give up

4. jemanden (Kranken, Vermissten) give up (hope for); (Schüler, Kind) give up on ( oder with)

C. v/r:

du darfst dich nicht aufgeben! you must not give up ( oder resign)

D. v/i Ballspiele: serve

* * *
1.
unregelmäßiges transitives Verb

1) give up; give up, stop <smoking, drinking>

gib's auf! — (ugs.) you might as well give up!; why don't you give up!

2) (sich trennen von) give up <habit, job, flat, business, practice, etc.>; give up, abandon, drop <plans, demand>; give up, abandon <profession, attempt>

3) (verloren geben) give up < patient>; give up hope on or with <wayward son, daughter, etc.>; give up, abandon < chessman>

sich selbst aufgeben — give oneself up for lost

4) (nicht länger zu gewinnen versuchen) give up < struggle>; retire from <race, competition>

eine Partie aufgeben — concede a game

5) (übergeben, übermitteln) post (Brit.), mail <letter, parcel>; hand in, (telefonisch) phone in < telegram>; place <advertisement, order>; check <luggage, baggage> in

6) (Schulw.): (als Hausaufgabe) set (Brit.); assign (Amer.)

7) (zur Lösung vorlegen)

jemandem ein Rätsel/eine Frage aufgeben — set (Brit.) or (Amer.) assign somebody a puzzle/pose somebody a question
2.
unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb give up; (im Sport) retire; (Schach) resign

* * *

v.

to abandon v.

to abdicate v.

to capitulate v.

to dismiss v.

to forsake v.

(§ p.,p.p.: forsook, forsaken)

to give up v.

to quit v.

(§ p.,p.p.: quit)

to relinquish v.

to resign v.

to surrender v.

Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > aufgeben
8 yield

[jiːld]
1. verb

1) to give up; to surrender:

He yielded to the other man's arguments

He yielded all his possessions to the state.
يَخْضَع ، يَتَنازَل
2) to give way to force or pressure:

At last the door yielded.
يَسْتَسْلِم
3) to produce naturally, grow etc:

How much milk does that herd of cattle yield?
يُنْتِج، يُغِلُّ
2. noun

the amount produced by natural means:

the annual yield of wheat.
مَحْصول، غَلَّه

Arabic-English dictionary > yield
9 Besitz

m; -es, kein Pl.

1. konkret: (Habseligkeiten, Habe) possession(s Pl.); (Eigentum) property; privater Besitz private(ly owned) property; staatlicher Besitz state- (-owned) property; seinen ganzen Besitz verlieren lose everything one has

2. (das Besitzen) ownership, possession (an + Dat, von oder + Gen. of); unerlaubter Besitz von Waffen / Drogen illegal possession of weapons / drugs; im Besitz sein von Dokumenten etc.: be in possession of; im vollen Besitz seiner geistigen Kräfte sein be in full possession of one’s mental faculties; das befindet sich noch im Besitz der Familie this is still in the family; sich in privatem / staatlichem Besitz befinden be in private / state ownership; sich in fremdem / ausländischem Besitz befinden be in strange / foreign hands; in jemandes Besitz übergehen pass into s.o.’s ownership ( oder hands); etw. in Besitz nehmen oder von etw. Besitz ergreifen take possession of s.th.; Besitz ergreifen von jemandem fig. take hold of s.o.; in den Besitz einer Sache (Gen) gelangen come into possession of s.th.; jemandem den Besitz ( einer Sache Gen) streitig machen contest s.o.’s ownership (of s.th.)

3. (Besitzung) estate

* * *

der Besitz

holding; property; fortune; possession; holdings

* * *
Be|sịtz [bə'zɪts]
m
no pl
1) (= das Besitzen) possession

im Besitz von etw sein — to be in possession of sth

ich bin im Besitz Ihres Schreibens — I am in receipt of your letter

etw in Besitz nehmen — to take possession of sth

von etw Besitz ergreifen — to seize possession of sth

von jdm Besitz ergreifen — to take or seize hold of sb; (Zweifel, Wahnsinn etc) to take possession of sb's mind

in privatem Besitz — in private ownership

2) (= Eigentum) property; (= Landgut) estate

in jds Besitz übergehen — to become sb's property

* * *

der

1) (a person's total possessions (property, money etc): His estate was divided among his sons.) estate

2) (something which is owned by a person, country etc: She lost all her possessions in the fire.) possession

3) (the state of possessing.) possession

4) (land or buildings that a person owns: He has property in Scotland.) property

* * *

Be·sitz

<- es>

[bəˈzɪts]

m kein pl

1. (Eigentum) property; Vermögen possession

2. AGR land, estate; (Landsitz, Gut) estate

3. (das Besitzen) possession

in staatlichem/privatem \Besitz state-owned/privately-owned

jdm den \Besitz [einer S. gen] streitig machen to challenge [or contest] sb's ownership [of sth]

etw in \Besitz nehmen, von etw dat \Besitz ergreifen (geh) to take possession [or hold] of sth

in den \Besitz einer S. gen gelangen [o kommen] to come into [or gain] possession of sth

etw in \Besitz haben (geh) to possess sth, to have sth in one's possession form

jds [alleiniger] \Besitz sein to be sb's [sole] property

im \Besitz von etw dat sein (geh) to be in possession of sth

ich bin im \Besitz Ihres Schreibens vom 17.4. I have received your letter of 17 April

in jds dat \Besitz sein, sich akk in jds dat \Besitz befinden to be in sb's possession [or hands]

in jds akk \Besitz übergehen [o gelangen] to pass into sb's possession [or hands]

* * *

der

1) property

nur wenig Besitz haben — have only a few possessions pl.

2) (das Besitzen) possession

sich in jemandes Besitz (Dat.) befinden, in jemandes Besitz (Dat.) sein — be in somebody's possession

sich in privatem Besitz befinden — be privately owned; be in private ownership or hands

im Besitz einer Sache (Gen.) sein — be in possession of something; possess something

etwas in Besitz (Akk.) nehmen, von etwas Besitz ergreifen — take possession of something

3) (Landgut) estate

* * *

Besitz m; -es, kein pl

1. konkret: (Habseligkeiten, Habe) possession(s pl); (Eigentum) property;

privater Besitz private(ly owned) property;

staatlicher Besitz state-(-owned) property;

seinen ganzen Besitz verlieren lose everything one has

2. (das Besitzen) ownership, possession (

an +dat,

von oder +gen of);

unerlaubter Besitz von Waffen/Drogen illegal possession of weapons/drugs;

im Besitz sein von Dokumenten etc: be in possession of;

im vollen Besitz seiner geistigen Kräfte sein be in full possession of one’s mental faculties;

das befindet sich noch im Besitz der Familie this is still in the family;

sich in privatem/staatlichem Besitz befinden be in private/state ownership;

sich in fremdem/ausländischem Besitz befinden be in strange/foreign hands;

in jemandes Besitz übergehen pass into sb’s ownership ( oder hands);

etwas in Besitz nehmen oder

von etwas Besitz ergreifen take possession of sth;

Besitz ergreifen von jemandem fig take hold of sb;

in den Besitz einer Sache (gen)

gelangen come into possession of sth;

jemandem den Besitz (

einer Sache gen)

streitig machen contest sb’s ownership (of sth)

3. (Besitzung) estate

* * *

der

1) property

nur wenig Besitz haben — have only a few possessions pl.

2) (das Besitzen) possession

sich in jemandes Besitz (Dat.) befinden, in jemandes Besitz (Dat.) sein — be in somebody's possession

sich in privatem Besitz befinden — be privately owned; be in private ownership or hands

im Besitz einer Sache (Gen.) sein — be in possession of something; possess something

etwas in Besitz (Akk.) nehmen, von etwas Besitz ergreifen — take possession of something

3) (Landgut) estate

* * *

-ungen m.

domain n.

holdings n.

possession n.

property n.

tenure n.

Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Besitz
10 hacienda

f.

1 country estate or property (finca).

2 property (bienes).

3 hacienda, ranch, estate, farm.

4 farmhouse.

5 Internal Revenue Service.

6 Inland Revenue.

pres.indicat.

3^rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: hacendar.

* * *

hacienda

► nombre femenino

1 (bienes) property, wealth, possessions plural

2 (finca) estate, property, US ranch

3 FINANZAS Treasury

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

Delegación de Hacienda local Inland Revenue office

hacienda pública public funds plural, public finances plural

Ministerio de Hacienda Finance Ministry, GB Exchequer, US Treasury

Ministro de Hacienda Minister of Finance, GB Chancellor of the Exchequer, US Secretary of the Treasury

* * *

noun f.

1) estate, ranch

2) tax office

* * *

SF

1) (=finca) country estate; LAm ranch; Caribe sugar plantation

2) (=bienes) property

3) Cono Sur (=ganado) cattle, livestock

4) (Econ)

a) (tb: Ministerio de Hacienda) ≈ Treasury, ≈ Exchequer, ≈ Treasury Department (EEUU)

Hacienda me debe mucho dinero — the Inland Revenue owes me a lot of money

b) (tb: delegación de Hacienda) tax office

c) (tb: hacienda pública)

supondría un desembolso enorme para la hacienda pública — it would involve a massive outlay of public funds o money

ha defraudado a la hacienda pública — he has defrauded the public purse

5) pl haciendas † [domésticas] household chores

* * *

femenino

1)

a) (esp AmL) ( finca) estate; ( dedicada a ganadería) ranch

b) ( bienes) possessions (pl), property

- hacienda de beneficio

2) Hacienda

a) ( ministerio) ≈the Treasury Department ( in US), ≈the Treasury ( in UK)

b) ( oficina) tax office

el dinero que debo a Hacienda — the money I owe the IRS (AmE) o (BrE) the Inland Revenue

- hacienda pública

3) (RPl) ( ganado) livestock

* * *

= homestead.

Ex. The scattered remains of homesteads also dot the rugged landscape.

----

* ayuda con la declaración de hacienda = income tax assistance.

* devolución de hacienda = tax rebate.

* hacienda ganadera = cattle ranch, ranch.

* hacienda pública = Treasury, the.

* Ministerio de Economía y Hacienda = Lord Chancellor's Office.

* Ministerio de Hacienda Americano = Inland Revenue Service (IRS).

* ministro de hacienda = finance minister.

* * *

femenino

1)

a) (esp AmL) ( finca) estate; ( dedicada a ganadería) ranch

b) ( bienes) possessions (pl), property

- hacienda de beneficio

2) Hacienda

a) ( ministerio) ≈the Treasury Department ( in US), ≈the Treasury ( in UK)

b) ( oficina) tax office

el dinero que debo a Hacienda — the money I owe the IRS (AmE) o (BrE) the Inland Revenue

- hacienda pública

3) (RPl) ( ganado) livestock

* * *

= homestead.

Ex: The scattered remains of homesteads also dot the rugged landscape.

* ayuda con la declaración de hacienda = income tax assistance.

* devolución de hacienda = tax rebate.

* hacienda ganadera = cattle ranch, ranch.

* hacienda pública = Treasury, the.

* Ministerio de Economía y Hacienda = Lord Chancellor's Office.

* Ministerio de Hacienda Americano = Inland Revenue Service (IRS).

* ministro de hacienda = finance minister.

* * *

hacienda

feminine

A

1 ( esp AmL) (finca) estate; (dedicada a la ganadería) ranch

hacienda lechera dairy farm

hacienda tabacalera tobacco plantation

2 (bienes) possessions (pl), property

se jugó toda su hacienda en el casino he gambled away everything he had in the casino

Compuesto:

hacienda de beneficio

( Méx) smelter

B

Hacienda

1 (ministerio) ≈ the Treasury Department ( in US), ≈ the Treasury ( in UK)

2 (oficina) tax office

voy a Hacienda a pagarlo I'm going to the tax office to pay it

el dinero que debo a Hacienda the money I owe the tax office, the money I owe the IRS ( AmE) o ( BrE) the Inland Revenue ( BrE)

Compuesto:

hacienda pública

la hacienda pública the Treasury, public funds (pl)

proyectos que han resultado gravosos para la hacienda pública projects which have proved to be a burden on public funds o the public purse

C ( RPl) (ganado) livestock

* * *

hacienda sustantivo femenino
1
a) (esp AmL) ( finca) estate;

( dedicada a ganadería) ranch
b) ( bienes) possessions (pl), property

2
◊ Hacienda

a) ( ministerio) ≈ the Treasury Department ( in US), ≈ the Treasury ( in UK)

b) ( oficina) tax office;

◊ el dinero que debo a Hhacienda the money I owe the IRS (AmE) o (BrE) the Inland Revenue

hacienda sustantivo femenino
1 Fin Treasury
hacienda pública, public funds o finances pl; Ministerio de Hacienda, GB Exchequer, US Treasury
2 (finca, rancho) estate, US ranch
' hacienda' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
declarar
- defraudar
- delegación
- despojo
- devolución
- estancia
- fraude
- inspector
- inspectora
- ministerio
- ministra
- ministro
- trampa
- dehesa
- rancho
English:
chancellor
- exchequer
- farm
- farmhouse
- fiddle
- Inland Revenue
- Internal Revenue Service
- IRS
- meticulous
- ranch
- tax inspector
- treasury
- homestead
- inland
- internal
- tax

* * *

hacienda nf

1. [finca] country estate o property

2. [bienes] property;

repartió su hacienda entre sus hijos she divided her property among her children

3. [del Estado]
(el Ministerio de) Hacienda Br ≈ the Treasury, US ≈ the Department of the Treasury;

declarar algo a Hacienda to declare sth (to the Br Inland Revenue o US IRS);

pagar a Hacienda to pay the Br Inland Revenue o US IRS

Comp
hacienda pública:
un delito contra la hacienda pública a case of tax evasion;

las deudas de la empresa con la hacienda pública the company's debts to the State

4. RP [ganadería] livestock

* * *

Hacienda

f

1 ministerio Treasury Department, Br

Treasury

2 oficina Internal Revenue Service, Br

Inland Revenue

3

:

la Hacienda pública public funds pl, the public purse

* * *

hacienda nf

1) : estate, ranch, farm

2) : property

3) : livestock

4)

la Hacienda : department of revenue, tax office

* * *

Hacienda n Inland Revenue

Spanish-English dictionary > hacienda
11 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
12 consignar

v.

1 to record, to write down (poner por escrito).

2 to allocate.

3 to consign, to dispatch.

Ellos consignaron la mercadería They consigned the merchandise.

4 to deposit in the (equipaje).

5 to entrust.

Ellos consignaron sus bienes They entrusted their possessions.

* * *

consignar

► verbo transitivo

1 (mercancías) to consign, ship, dispatch

2 (destinar - dinero etc) to allocate; (- cantidad) to assign

3 (anotar) to note down, take down

* * *

verb

1) to consign

2) assign

3) record

* * *

VT

1) (Com) to send, dispatch (a to)

2) (Econ) (=asignar) to assign ( para to, for)
[+ créditos] to allocate
3) (=registrar) to record, register; (=escribir) to set down, state

olvidé consignar mi nombre — I forgot to write my name in, I forgot to state my name

el hecho no quedó consignado en ningún libro — the fact was not recorded o set down in any book

4) CAm, Méx (Jur) to remand, hold for trial

* * *

verbo transitivo

1) ( depositar)

a) < mercancías> to consign

b) < equipaje> to check (AmE), to place o deposit... in left luggage (BrE)

c) (Der) to pay... into court

d) (Col) <dinero/cheques> to deposit

2) (frml) <hecho/dato> to record

3) (frml) ( enviar) <paquete/carga> to dispatch

4) (frml) ( asignar) to allocate

5) (Méx) (Der) < presunto delincuente> to bring... before the authorities

* * *

= consign.

Ex. Soon, if, as it is planned, freight charges are introduced for book cartons consigned within the State, this library service will be no more = Pronto dejará de existir este servicio bibliotecario si, como está planeado, se introducen gastos de transporte por las cajas de cartón con libros que se consignen dentro del estado.

* * *

verbo transitivo

1) ( depositar)

a) < mercancías> to consign

b) < equipaje> to check (AmE), to place o deposit... in left luggage (BrE)

c) (Der) to pay... into court

d) (Col) <dinero/cheques> to deposit

2) (frml) <hecho/dato> to record

3) (frml) ( enviar) <paquete/carga> to dispatch

4) (frml) ( asignar) to allocate

5) (Méx) (Der) < presunto delincuente> to bring... before the authorities

* * *

= consign.

Ex: Soon, if, as it is planned, freight charges are introduced for book cartons consigned within the State, this library service will be no more = Pronto dejará de existir este servicio bibliotecario si, como está planeado, se introducen gastos de transporte por las cajas de cartón con libros que se consignen dentro del estado.

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consignar [A1 ]

vt

A (depositar)

1 ‹mercancías› to consign

2 ( Col) ‹dinero/cheques› to deposit

3 ‹equipaje› to check ( AmE), to place o deposit … in left luggage ( BrE)

4 ( Der) to pay … into court

B ( frml); ‹hecho/dato› to record

consigne en sus envíos el código postal use the zip code ( AmE), use the postcode ( BrE)

C ( frml) (enviar) ‹paquete/carga› to dispatch, consign ( frml)

D ( frml) (asignar) to allocate

E ‹precio/fecha› to put in writing

F ( Méx) ( Der) ‹presunto delincuente› to bring … before the authorities

* * *

consignar ( conjugate consignar) verbo transitivo
1 ( depositar)
a) ‹ mercancías› to consign

b) ‹ equipaje› to check (AmE), to place o deposit … in left luggage (BrE)

c) (Der) to pay … into court

d) (Col) ‹dinero/cheques› to deposit

2 (frml) ‹hecho/dato› to record
3 (frml) ( enviar) ‹paquete/carga› to dispatch
4 (frml) ( asignar) to allocate
5 (Méx) (Der) ‹ presunto delincuente› to bring … before the authorities
consignar verbo transitivo
1 (dedicar una cantidad) to earmark, allocate: han consignado una importante parte del presupuesto a la reforma, a significant percentage of the budget was allocated to the improvements
2 (hacer constar unos datos) to record: hay que consignar unos datos personales en el formulario, you have to provide some personal information on the form
' consignar' also found in these entries:
English:
consign
- pay

* * *

consignar vt

1. [poner por escrito] to record, to write down;

debes consignar la fecha de nacimiento you must record the date of birth;

no consignó correctamente la dirección y le devolvieron la carta he didn't write the address correctly so they returned the letter to him

2. [asignar] to allocate;

consignaron 3 millones para proyectos educativos they allocated 3 million to educational projects

3. [mercancía] to consign, to dispatch

4. [equipaje] to deposit in the Br left-luggage office o US baggage room

5. Col [dinero] to deposit

* * *

consignar

v/t consign

* * *

consignar vt

1) : to consign

2) : to record, to write down

3) : to assign, to allocate

Spanish-English dictionary > consignar
13 rēs

rēs reī, f [RA-], a thing, object, matter, affair, business, event, fact, circumstance, occurrence, deed, condition, case: divinarum humanarumque rerum cognitio: te ut ulla res frangat?: relictis rebus suis omnibus: rem omnibus narrare: si res postulabit, the case: re bene gestā: scriptor rerum suarum, annalist: neque est ulla res, in quā, etc.: magna res principio statim belli, a great advantage, L.: Nil admirari prope res est una, quae, etc., the only thing, H.: rerum, facta est pulcherrima Roma, the most beautiful thing in the world, V.: fortissima rerum animalia, O.: dulcissime rerum, H.— A circumstance, condition: In' in malam rem, go to the bad, T.: mala res, a wretched condition, S.: res secundae, good-fortune, H.: prosperae res, N.: in secundissimis rebus: adversa belli res, L.: dubiae res, S.—In phrases with e or pro: E re natā melius fieri haud potuit, after what has happened, T.: pro re natā, according to circumstances: consilium pro tempore et pro re capere, as circumstances should require, Cs.: pro re pauca loquar, V.: ex re et ex tempore.—With an adj. in circumlocution: abhorrens ab re uxoriā<*> matrimony, T.: in arbitrio rei uxoriae, dowry: belhcam rem administrari, a battle: pecuaria res et rustica, cattle: liber de rebus rusticis, agriculture: res frumentaria, forage, Cs.: res iudiciaria, the administration of justice: res ludicra, play, H.: Veneris res, O.— A subject, story, events, facts, history: cui lecta potenter erit res, H.: agitur res in scaenis, H.: res populi R. perscribere, L.: res Persicae, history, N.— An actual thing, reality, verity, truth, fact: ipsam rem loqui, T.: nihil est aliud in re, in fact, L.: se ipsa res aperit, N.: quantum distet argumentatio tua ab re ipsā.— Abl adverb., in fact, in truth, really, actually: eos deos non re, sed opinione esse dicunt: verbo permittere, re hortari: hoc verbo ac simulatione Apronio, re verā tibi obiectum: haec ille, si verbis non audet, re quidem verā palam loquitur: venit, specie ut indutiae essent, re verā ad petendum veniam, L.— Effects, substance, property, possessions, estate: et re salvā et perditā, T.: talentūm rem decem, T.: res eos iampridem, fides nuper deficere coepit: in tenui re, in narrow circumstances, H.: quantis opibus, quibus de rebus: privatae res.— A benefit, profit, advantage, interest, weal: Quasi istic mea res minor agatur quam tua, is concerned, T.: Si in remst utrique, ut fiant, if it is a good thing for both, T.: in rem fore credens universos adpellare, useful, S.: imperat quae in rem sunt, L.: Non ex re istius, not for his good, T.: contra rem suam me venisse questus est: minime, dum ob rem, to the purpose, T.: ob rem facere, advantageously, S.: haec haud ab re duxi referre, irrelevant, L.: non ab re esse, useless, L.— A cause, reason, ground, account.—In the phrase, eā re, therefore: illud eā re a se esse concessum, quod, etc.; see also quā re, quam ob rem.— An affair, matter of business, business: multa inter se communicare et de re Gallicanā: tecum mihi res est, my business is: erat res ei cum exercitu, he had to deal: cum his mihi res sit, let me attend to, Cs.: quocum tum uno rem habebam, had relations, T.— A case in law, lawsuit, cause, suit, action: utrum rem an litem dici oporteret: quarum rerum litium causarum condixit pater patratus, L. (old form.): capere pecunias ob rem iudicandam.— An affair, battle, campaign, military operation: res gesta virtute: ut res gesta est narrabo ordine, T.: his rebus gestis, Cs.: bene rem gerere, H.: res gestae, military achievements, H.—Of the state, in the phrase, res publica (often written respublica, res p.), the common weal, a commonwealth, state, republic: dum modo calamitas a rei p. periculis seiungatur: si re p. non possis frui, stultum nolle privatā, public life: egestates tot egentissimorum hominum nec privatas posse res nec rem p. sustinere: auguratum est, rem Romanam p. summam fore: paene victā re p.: rem p. delere.—In the phrase, e re publicā, for the good of the state, for the common weal, in the public interests: senatūs consultis bene et e re p. factis: uti e re p. fideque suā videretur. — Plur: hoc loquor de tribus his generibus rerum p.: utiliores rebus suis publicis esse.—Without publica, the state, commonwealth, government: Unus homo nobis cunctando restituit rem, Enn. ap. C.: Hic (Marcellus) rem Romanam Sistet, V.: nec rem Romanam tam desidem umquam fuisse, L.: res Asiae evertere, V.: Custode rerum Caesare, H.—In the phrase, rerum potiri, to obtain the sovereignty, control the government: qui rerum potiri volunt: dum ea (civitas) rerum potita est, become supreme.—In the phrase, res novae, political change, revolution.
* * *
I
rei N F

thing; event, business; fact; cause; property

res familiaris -- property
II
undeclined N N

res; (20th letter of Hebrew alphabet); (transliterate as R)

Latin-English dictionary > rēs
14 имущество имуществ·о

property, estate

отказываться от имущества — to resign one's property

распоряжаться имуществом — to administer the estate

требовать обратно утраченное имущество — to reclaim lost property

бесхозяйственно содержащееся имущество — mismanaged property

благоприобретенное имущество — nonancestral estate

государственное имущество — state property

движимое имущество — personal estate, personalty; movable property, movables

казённое имущество — state / public property

личное имущество — personal property / possessions

недвижимое имущество — real estate, realty, fixed / immovable property, immovables

частное недвижимое имущество — private immovable property

фактическое вступление во владение недвижимым имуществом — entry

семейное имущество — family property

унаследованное имущество — inherited property

имущество, конфискованное государством — property forfeit into / to the state

имущество лица представляемого государства, находящееся в государстве пребывания — estate of a national of the sending state in the receiving state

лишение имущества по суду — eviction

пожизненное владение имуществом — life estate, estate for life

распределение имущества — division of property

Russian-english dctionary of diplomacy > имущество имуществ·о
15 res

rēs, rei (rēi with e long; gen., Lucr. 2, 112; 548; 6, 918; dat., id. 1, 688; 2, 236; rei, gen., monosyl. at the end of the verse, Lucr. 3, 918;
and in the middle of the verse,
id. 4, 885, and Poët. ap. Lact. 6, 6), f. [ etym. dub.; perh. root ra- of reor, ratus; cf. Germ. Ding; Engl. thing, from denken, to think; prop., that which is thought of; cf. also logos, Lid. and Scott, 9], a thing, object, being; a matter, affair, event, fact, circumstance, occurrence, deed, condition, case, etc.; and sometimes merely = something (cf.: causa, ratio, negotium).
I.
In gen.:
unde initum primum capiat res quaeque movendi,
Lucr. 1, 383; cf. id. 1, 536:
in partes res quaeque minutas Distrahitur,
id. 2, 826: summe Sol, qui omnes res inspicis, Enn. ap. Prob. Verg. E. 6, 31 (Trag. v. 321 Vahl.):
versus, quos ego de Rerum Naturā pangere conor,
Lucr. 1, 25; cf. id. 1, 126; 5, 54:
rerum natura creatrix,
id. 2, 1117:
divinarum humanarumque rerum, tum initiorum causarumque cujusque rei cognitio,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 3, 7 (v. divinus):
haeret haec res,
Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 182:
profecto, ut loquor, ita res est,
id. ib. 2, 1, 19:
haud mentior, resque uti facta dico,
id. ib. 2, 1, 23:
de Alcumenā ut rem teneatis rectius,
id. ib. prol. 110:
in tantis rebus (sc. in re publicā defendendā),
Cic. Rep. 1, 3, 4 et saep.:
quo Averna vocantur nomine, id ab re Impositum est, quia sunt avibus contraria cunctis,
from the nature of the thing, Lucr. 6, 740; cf. id. 6, 424; Liv. 1, 17:
si res postulabit,
the condition of the case, Cic. Lael. 13, 44: scaena rei totius haec, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 11, 3:
fugam in se nemo convertitur Nec recedit loco, quin statim rem gerat,
does his duty, stands his ground, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 84; so, res gerere, v. gero; hence, too, rerum scriptor, for a historian, v. scriptor, and cf. II. H. infra.—
B.
With adj. of quality, to express condition, etc.:
illic homo a me sibi malam rem arcessit,
is bringing a bad business on himself, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 171; so,
res mala,
a wretched condition, Sall. C. 20, 13; and more freq. in plur.:
bonis tuis rebus meas res irrides malas,
circumstances, condition, Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 45; id. Rud. 3, 3, 12:
res secundae,
good fortune, Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 30; cf. Liv. 3, 9:
res prosperae,
Nep. Dion, 6, 1; id. Eum. 5, 1:
in secundissimis rebus,
Cic. Off. 1, 26, 91:
adversae res,
id. ib. 1, 26, 90; Hor. S. 2, 2, 136; 2, 8, 73:
res belli adversae,
Liv. 10, 6:
res dubiae,
Sall. C. 10, 2; 39, 3; Liv. 2, 50; 7, 30;
v. bonus, florens, salvus, adversus, dubius, novus, arduus, etc.— Freq. in curses, etc.: in malam rem,
go to the bad, Ter. Phorm. 5, 7, 37; id. And. 2, 1, 17:
malam rem hinc ibis?
id. Eun. 3, 3, 30.—
C.
With an adj. in a periphrasis:
abhorrens ab re uxoriā,
matrimony, Ter. And. 5, 1, 10:
in arbitrio rei uxoriae,
dowry, Cic. Off. 1, 15, 61:
rem divinam nisi compitalibus... ne faciat,
a religious act, act of worship, a sacrifice, Cato, R. R. 5, 4:
bellicam rem administrari majores nostri nisi auspicato noluerunt,
Cic. Div. 2, 36, 76; Hor. C. 4, 3, 6:
erat ei pecuaria res ampla et rustica,
Cic. Quint. 3, 12: res rustica, agriculture:
rei rusticae libro primo,
Col. 11, 1, 2; id. 1, praef. §
19: liber, quem de rebus rusticis scripsi,
Cic. Sen. 15, 54:
navalis rei certamina,
naval battles, Amm. 26, 3, 5:
res militaris,
Cic. Rab. Post. 1, 2:
rei militaris gloria,
id. Mur. 9, 22; Nep. Milt. 8, 4:
res frumentaria,
forage, Caes. B. C. 3, 16; id. B. G. 1, 23; 4, 7:
armatae rei scientissimus,
Amm. 25, 4, 7:
peritus aquariae rei,
id. 28, 2, 2:
res judicaria,
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 12, § 31:
res ludicra,
play, Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 180:
uti rebus veneriis,
Cic. Sen. 14, 47; Nep. Alc. 11, 4:
res Veneris,
Lucr. 2, 173; Ov. R. Am. 431; v. also familiaris, judiciaria, militaris, navalis, etc., and cf. II. G. infra. —
D.
With pronouns or adjectives, as an emphatic periphrase for the neutr.:
ibi me inclamat Alcumena: jam ea res me horrore afficit,
this now, Plaut. Am. 5, 1, 16; cf.: De. Estne hoc, ut dico? Li. Rectam instas viam:
Ea res est,
it is even so, id. As. 1, 1, 40:
de fratre confido ita esse ut semper volui. Multa signa sunt ejus rei,
of it, Cic. Att. 1, 10, 5: quos (melittônas) alii melittotropheia appellant, eandem rem quidam mellaria. Varr. R. R. 3, 16, 12:
sunt ex te quae scitari volo, Quarum rerum, etc.,
Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 13; cf. Caes. B. G. 3, 4:
quibus de rebus quoniam nobis contigit ut aliquid essemus consecuti,
Cic. Rep. 1, 8, 13:
quā super re interfectum esse Hippotem dixisti? Pac. ap. Fest. s. v. superescit, p. 244: resciscet Amphitruo rem omnem,
every thing, all, Plaut. Am. 1, 2, 30:
nulla res tam delirantes homines concinat cito,
nothing, id. Am. 2, 2, 96; cf.:
neque est ulla res, in quā, etc.,
Cic. Rep. 1, 7, 12; 1, 5, 9; cf.
also: sumptu ne parcas ullā in re, quod ad valetudinem opus sit,
id. Fam. 16, 4, 2:
magna res principio statim bello,
a great thing, a great advantage, Liv. 31, 23 fin.:
nil admirari prope res est una Solaque, quae, etc.,
the only thing, only means, Hor. Ep. 1, 6, 1 et saep. — Emphatically with sup.:
scilicet rerum facta est pulcherrima Roma,
the most beautiful thing in the world, Verg. G. 2, 534; Quint. 1, 12, 16 Spald. p. 81. —
Of persons, etc.: est genus hominum, qui esse primos se omnium rerum volunt,
Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 17:
maxime rerum,
Ov. H. 9, 107; cf.:
maxima rerum Roma,
Verg. A. 7, 602; Ov. M. 13, 508:
fortissima rerum animalia,
id. ib. 12, 502:
pulcherrime rerum,
id. H. 4, 125; id. A. A. 1, 213; id. M. 8, 49:
dulcissime rerum,
Hor. S. 1, 9, 4.—
E.
In adverb. phrases:
e re natā melius fieri haud potuit,
after what has happened, Ter. Ad. 3, 1, 8:
pro re natā,
according to circumstances, Cic. Att. 7, 8, 2; 14, 6, 1:
pro tempore et pro re,
Caes. B. G. 5, 8:
factis benignus pro re,
according to circumstances, Liv. 7, 33, 3; Sall. J. 50, 2:
pro re pauca loquar,
Verg. A. 4, 337; Lucr. 6, 1280:
ex re et ex tempore,
Cic. Fam. 12, 19, 3:
e re respondi,
Cat. 10, 8.
II.
In partic.
A.
Pregn., an actual thing, the thing itself, reality, truth, fact; opposed to appearance, mere talk, the mere name of a thing:
ecastor, re experior, quanti facias uxorem tuam,
Plaut. Am. 1, 3, 10:
desiste dictis nunc jam miseram me consolari: Nisi quid re praesidium apparas, etc.,
id. Rud. 3, 3, 21: rem ipsam loqui. Ter. And. 1, 2, 31:
rem fabulari,
Plaut. Trin 2, 4, 87:
nihil est aliud in re,
in fact, Liv. 10, 8, 11 Weissenb. ad loc.:
se ipsa res aperit,
Nep. Paus. 3, 7:
ex re decerpere fructus,
Hor. S. 1, 2, 79;
opp. verbum, vox, opinio, spes, nomen, etc.: rem opinor spectari oportere, non verba,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 11, 32; cf.: te rogo, ut rem potiorem oratione ducas, Matius ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 28, 5:
non modo res omnes, sed etiam rumores cognoscamus,
Cic. Att. 5, 5, 1:
qui hos deos non re, sed opinione esse dicunt,
id. N. D. 3, 21, 53:
Peripateticos et Academicos nominibus differentes, re congruentes,
id. Ac. 2, 5, 15:
quod nos honestum, illi vanum... verbis quam re probabilius vocant,
Quint. 3, 8, 22; Sen. Ep. 120, 9:
eum, tametsi verbo non audeat, tamen re ipsā de maleficio suo confiteri,
id. Rosc. Am. 42, 123; cf. Ter. Ad. 4, 7, 15:
vides quantum distet argumentatio tua ab re ipsā atque a veritate,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 15, 44. — Hence, abl. sing., often strengthened by verā (sometimes as one word, reverā), in fact, really, in truth, indeed, in reality:
haec ille, si verbis non audet, re quidem verā palam loquitur,
Cic. Quint. 17, 56; so,
re quidem verā,
id. Clu. 19, 54; id. Sest. 7, 15:
re autem verā,
id. Fam. 1, 4, 2;
and simply re verā,
id. Quint. 2, 7; id. Div. 2, 54, 110; id. Balb. 3, 7:
re verāque,
Lucr. 2, 48; cf.:
et re verā,
indeed, in fact, Cic. Fam. 3, 5, 1; Liv. 33, 11, 3; 35, 31, 12; 36, 6, 1; Nep. Ages. 2, 3; id. Phoc. 3, 3; Curt. 3, 13, 5; 4, 16, 19; Val. Max. 9, 13, ext. 1; Just. 5, 1, 8; 12, 13, 10; Plin. Ep. 6, 33, 1.—
B.
Effects, substance, property, possessions:
mihi Chrysalus Perdidit filium, me atque rem omnem Meam,
Plaut. Bacch. 5, 1, 26; cf.: Ph. Habuitne rem? Ly. Habuit. Ph. Qui eam perdidit... Mercaturamne an venales habuit, ubi rem perdidit? id. Trin. 2, 2, 49 sq.:
quibus et re salvā et perditā profueram,
Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 27:
rem talentum decem,
id. Phorm. 2, 3, 46; Juv. 3, 16:
avidior ad rem,
Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 51:
rem facere,
to make money, Cic. Att. 2, 2, 12:
res eos jampridem, fides deficere nuper coepit,
id. Cat. 2, 5, [p. 1576] 10:
qui duo patrimonia accepisset remque praeterea bonis et honestis rationibus auxisset,
id. Rab. Post. 14, 38:
libertino natum patre et in tenui re,
in narrow circumstances, Hor. Ep. 1, 20, 20 et saep.; v. also familiaris.— In plur.: quantis opibus, quibus de rebus, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 19, 44 (Trag. v. 396 Vahl.):
privatae res,
Cic. Att. 9, 7, 5.—
2.
Hence, law t. t., whatever may be the subject of a right, whether corporeal or incorporeal (v. Sandars, Introd. to Just. Inst. p. 42 sqq.):
res corporales,
Just. Inst. 2, 2, 1 sq.; Gai. Inst. 2, 12; Dig. 1, 8, 1:
res in patrimonio, res extra patrimonium,
Just. Inst. 2, 1 pr.; Gai. Inst. 2, 1:
res sanctae,
Just. Inst. 2, 1, 10; v. also mancipium, privatus, etc.—
C.
Benefit, profit, advantage, interest, weal:
res magis quaeritur, quam, etc.,
Plaut. Men. 4, 2, 6:
melius illi consulas quam rei tuae,
id. Cist. 1, 1, 98:
haec tuā re feceris,
to your advantage, id. Capt. 2, 2, 46.— Most freq. with the prepositions in, ex, ob, ab, etc.:
quasi istic minor mea res agatur quam tua,
is interested, affected, Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 113 (v. ago):
si in rem tuam esse videatur,
Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 2:
vide si hoc in rem deputas,
id. ib. 3, 3, 19:
quod in rem recte conducat tuam,
id. Capt. 2, 3, 26:
si in remst utrique,
Ter. And. 3, 3, 14:
quid mihi melius est, quid magis in rem est, quam? etc.,
useful, Plaut. Rud. 1, 4, 1:
tamen in rem fore credens universos adpellare,
Sall. C. 20, 1:
omnia quae in rem videbantur esse,
Curt. 6, 2, 21:
ad conparanda ea quae in rem erant,
Liv. 30, 4, 6:
imperat quae in rem sunt,
id. 26, 44, 7; 22, 3, 2:
ex tuā re non est, ut ego emoriar,
for your advantage, Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 102: An. Non pudet Vanitatis? Do. Minime, dum ob rem, to the purpose, with advantage, Ter. Phorm. 3, 2, 41: ob rem facere, usefully, with advantage or profit, Sall. J. 31, 5: subdole blanditur, ab re Consulit blandiloquentulus, contrary to his interest, i. e. to his injury, Plaut. Trin. 2, 1, 12 Brix ad loc.:
haud id est ab re aucupis,
id. As. 1, 3, 71:
haec haud ab re duxi referre,
Liv. 8, 11, 1:
non ab re esse Quinctio visum est interesse, etc.,
id. 35, 32, 6; Plin. 27, 8, 35, § 57; Suet. Aug. 94; Gell. 18, 4, 6; 1, 26, 4; Macr. S. 1, 4, 19.—
D.
Cause, reason, ground, account; only in the connection eā (hac) re, and eam ob rem, adverb., therefore, on that account:
eā re tot res sunt, ubi bene deicias,
Cato, R. R. 158, 2:
hac re nequeunt ex omnibus omnia gigni, Quod, etc.,
Lucr. 1, 172; cf.:
illud eā re a se esse concessum, quod, etc.,
Cic. Ac. 2, 34, 111:
patrem exoravi, tibi ne noceat, neu quid ob eam rem succenseat,
Plaut. Bacch. 4, 4, 39; cf.:
quoi rei?
for what purpose? id. As. 3, 2, 43; id. Poen. 2, 3, 3.—Hence (by uniting into one word) the causal adverbs quare and quamobrem, v. h. vv.—
E.
An affair, matter of business, business:
cum et de societate inter se multa communicarent et de totā illā ratione atque re Gallicanā,
Cic. Quint. 4, 15:
rem cum aliquo transigere,
id. Clu. 13, 39. —
Hence, transf., in gen.: res alicui est cum aliquo,
to have to do with any one, Cic. Rosc. Am. 30, 84; id. Sest. 16, 37; id. Fam. 9, 20, 2; Caes. B. G. 7, 77; cf.:
famigeratori res sit cum damno et malo,
Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 182 Brix ad loc.— Also without a dat.:
quoniam cum senatore res est,
Cic. Fam. 13, 26, 3;
esp., in mal. part.: rem habere cum aliquo or aliquā,
to have to do with any one, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 6, 35; id. Merc. 3, 1, 37; Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 39; 58. —Ellipt.:
jam biennium est, quom mecum rem coepit,
Plaut. Merc. 3, 1, 15. —
F.
A case in law, a lawsuit, cause, suit (more gen. than causa):
ubi res prolatae sunt,
Plaut. Capt. 1, 1, 10:
res agi,
id. Men. 4, 2, 19; id. Aul. 3, 4, 13:
quibus res erat in controversiā, ea vocabatur lis,
Varr. L. L. 7, § 93; cf.
(prob. in allusion to this legal form): tot homines... statuere non potuisse, utrum diem tertium an perendinum... rem an litem dici oporteret,
Cic. Mur. 12, 27; cf.
also: quarum rerum litium causarum condixit pater patratus, etc., an ancient formula,
Liv. 1, 32:
de rebus ab aliquo cognitis judicatisque dicere,
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 48, § 118:
pecunias capere ob rem judicandam,
id. Fin. 2, 16, 54:
si res certabitur olim,
Hor. S. 2, 5, 27; 1, 10, 15; 1, 9, 41; id. Ep. 1, 16, 43:
tractu temporis futurum, ut res pereat,
Dig. 3, 3, 12:
rem differre,
ib. 43, 30, 3: res judicata dicitur, quae finem controversiarum pronuntiatione judicis accipit, ib. 42, 1, 1 et saep.—
G.
An affair, esp. a battle, campaign, military operations; in phrase rem (or res) gerere:
res gesta virtute,
Cic. Fin. 5, 23, 66:
ut res gesta est ordine narrare,
Ter. Ad. 3, 5, 3:
his rebus gestis,
Caes. B. G. 5, 8:
res gerere,
Hor. Ep. 1, 17, 33:
rem bene gerere,
id. ib. 1, 8, 1; Ter. Ad. 5, 1, 13:
comminus rem gerunt,
Caes. B. G. 5, 44:
res gestae,
Hor. Ep. 1, 3, 7; 2, 1, 251:
adversus duos simul rem gerere,
Liv. 21, 60:
rem male gerere,
Nep. Them. 3, 3; Hor. S. 2, 3, 74:
in relatione rerum ab Scythis gestarum,
Just. 2, 1, 1; cf.:
rem agere,
Hor. S. 1, 9, 4; id. A. P. 82:
ante rem,
before the battle, Liv. 4, 40:
cum Thebanis sibi rem esse existimant,
Nep. Pel. 1, 3; Cic. Sest. 16, 37.—
H.
Acts, events, as the subject of narration, a story, history:
res in unam sententiam scripta,
Auct. Her. 1, 12, 20:
cui lecta potenter erit res,
Hor. A. P. 40; id. S. 1, 10, 57; id. Ep. 1, 19, 29:
in medias res auditorem rapere,
id. A. P. 148; 310:
agitur res in scaenis,
id. ib. 179; cf.:
numeros animosque secutus, non res,
id. Ep. 1, 19, 25; Phaedr. 5, 1, 12:
sicut in rebus ejus (Neronis) exposuimus,
Plin. 2, 83, 85, § 199:
litterae, quibus non modo res omnis, sed etiam rumores cognoscamus,
Cic. Att. 5, 5, 1:
res populi Romani perscribere, Liv. praef. § 1: res Persicae,
history, Nep. Con. 5, 4; id. Cat. 3, 2.—
K.
Res publica, also as one word, respublica, the common weal, a commonwealth, state, republic (cf. civitas); also, civil affairs, administration, or power, etc.: qui pro republicā, non pro suā obsonat, Cato ap. Ruf. 18, p. 210; cf.:
erat tuae virtutis, in minimis tuas res ponere, de re publicā vehementius laborare,
Cic. Fam. 4, 9, 3:
dummodo ista privata sit calamitas et a rei publicae periculis sejungatur,
id. Cat. 1, 9; cf.:
si re publicā non possis frui, stultum est nolle privatā,
id. Fam. 4, 9, 4:
egestates tot egentissimorum hominum nec privatas posse res nec rem publicam sustinere,
id. Att. 9, 7, 5 (v. publicus); Cato ap. Gell. 10, 14, 3: auguratum est, rem Romanam publicam summam fore, Att. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 22, 45:
quo utiliores rebus suis publicis essent,
Cic. Off. 1, 44, 155:
commutata ratio est rei totius publicae,
id. Att. 1, 8, 4: pro republicā niti, Cato ap. Charis. p. 196 fin.:
merere de republicā,
Plaut. Am. prol. 40:
de re publicā disputatio... dubitationem ad rem publicam adeundi tollere, etc.,
Cic. Rep. 1, 7, 12:
oppugnare rem publicam,
id. Cael. 1, 1; id. Har. Resp. 8, 15; id. Sest. 23, 52:
paene victā re publicā,
id. Fam. 12, 13, 1:
delere rem publicam,
id. Sest. 15, 33; Lact. 6, 18, 28.—Esp. in the phrase e re publicā, for the good of the State, for the public benefit:
senatūs consultis bene et e re publicā factis,
Cic. Phil. 3, 12, 30:
ea si dicam non esse e re publicā dividi,
id. Fam. 13, 8, 2; id. Mil. 5, 14; Liv. 8, 4, 12; 25, 7, 4; 34, 34, 9; Suet. Rhet. 1 init. —Post-class. and rare, also ex republicā, Gell. 6, 3, 47; 11, 9, 1;
but exque is used for euphony (class.): id eum recte atque ordine exque re publicā fecisse,
Cic. Phil. 3, 15, 38; 5, 13, 36; 10, 11, 26.— In plur.:
eae nationes respublicas suas amiserunt, C. Gracch. ap. Fest. s. h. v. p. 286 Müll.: hoc loquor de tribus his generibus rerum publicarum,
Cic. Rep. 1, 28, 44:
circuitus in rebus publicis commutationum,
id. ib. 1, 29, 45 et saep.—
2.
Sometimes simply res, the State (in the poets, and since the Aug. per. in prose): unus homo nobis cunctando restituit rem, Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 24, 84 (Ann. v. 313 Vahl.):
hic (Marcellus) rem Romanam sistet,
Verg. A. 6, 858; cf.:
nec rem Romanam tam desidem umquam fuisse,
Liv. 21, 16; 1, 28:
parva ista non contemnendo majores nostri maximam hanc rem fecerunt,
id. 6, 41 fin.:
Romana,
Hor. C. S. 66; id. Ep. 1, 12, 25; Ov. M. 14, 809; Sall. C. 6, 3; cf.:
ut paulo ante animum inter Fidenatem Romanamque rem ancipitem gessisti,
Liv. 1, 28 fin.:
Albana,
id. 1, 6.— In plur.:
res Asiae evertere,
Verg. A. 3, 1:
custode rerum Caesare,
Hor. C. 4, 15, 17; cf.:
res sine discordiā translatae,
Tac. H. 1, 29; so (also in Cic.), rerum potiri, v. potior. —
L.
Res novae, political changes, a revolution, etc.; v. novus.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > res
16 ब्रह्मन् _brahman

ब्रह्मन् n. [बृंह्-मनिन् नकारस्याकारे ऋतो रत्वम्; cf. Uṇ.4.145.]

1 The Supreme Being, regarded as impersonal and divested of all quality and action; (according to the Vedāntins, Brahman is both the efficient and the mate- rial cause of the visible universe, the all-pervading soul and spirit of the universe, the essence from which all created things are produced and into which they are absorbed; अस्ति तावन्नित्यशुद्धबुद्धमुक्तस्वभावं सर्वज्ञं सर्वशक्तिसमन्वितं ब्रह्म Ś. B.);... यत्प्रयन्त्यभिसंविशन्ति । तद् विजिज्ञा- सस्व । तद् ब्रह्मेति Tai. Up.3.1; समीभूता दृष्टिस्त्रिभुवनमपि ब्रह्म मनुते Bh.3.84; Ku.3.15; दर्शनं तस्य लाभः स्यात् त्वं हि ब्रह्ममयो निधिः Mb.

-2 A hymn of praise.

-3 A sacred text; मैवं स्याद् ब्रह्मविक्रिया Bhāg.9.1.17.

-4 The Vedas; ब्रह्मणः प्रणवं कुर्यात् Ms.2.74; यद् ब्रह्म सम्यगाम्नातम् Ku.6.16; U.1.15; समस्तवदनोद्गीतब्रह्मणे ब्रह्मणे नमः Bm.1.1; Bg.3.15.

-5 The sacred and mystic syllable om; एकाक्षरं परं ब्रह्म Ms.2.83.

-6 The priestly of Brahmanical class (collectively); तदेतद् ब्रह्म क्षत्रं विट् शूद्रः Bṛi. Up.1.4.15; ब्रह्मैव संनियन्तृ स्यात् क्षत्रं हि ब्रह्मसंभवम् Ms.9.32.

-7 The power or energy of a Brāhmaṇa; पवनाग्निसमागमो ह्ययं सहितं ब्रह्म यदस्त्रतेजसा R.8.4.

-8 Religious penance or austerities.

-9 Celi- bacy, chastity; शाश्वते ब्रह्मणि वर्तते Ś.1.

-1 Final eman- cipation or beatitude.

-11 Theology, sacred learning, religious knowledge.

-12 The Brāhmaṇa portion of the Veda.

-13 Wealth.

-14 Food.

-15 A Brāhmaṇa.

-16 Truth.

-17 The Brāhmaṇahood (ब्राह्मणत्व); येन विप्लावितं ब्रह्म वृषल्यां जायतात्मना Bhāg.6.2.26.

-18 The soul (आत्मा); एतदेषां ब्रह्म Bṛi. Up.1.6.1-3.

-19 See ब्रह्मास्त्र. अब्राह्मणे न हि ब्रह्म ध्रुवं तिष्ठेत् कदाचन Mb.12.3.31.

-2 The गायत्री mantra; उभे सन्ध्ये च यतवाग्जपन् ब्रह्म समाहितः Bhāg.7. 12.2. -m.

1 The Supreme Being, the Creator, the first deity of the sacred Hindu Trinity, to whom is en- trusted the work of creating the world. [The accounts of the creation of the world differ in many respects; but, according to Manu Smṛiti, the universe was enveloped in darkness, and the self-existent Lord manifested himself dispelling the gloom. He first created the waters and deposited in them a seed. This seed became a golden egg, in which he himself was born as Brahmā-- the progenitor of all the worlds. Then the Lord divided the egg into two parts, with which he constructed heaven and earth. He then created the ten Prajāpatis or mind-born sons who completed the work of creation. According to another account (Rāmāyaṇa) Brahmā sprang from ether; from him was descended marīchi, and his son was Kaśyapa. From Kaśyapa sprang Vivasvata, and Manu sprang from him. Thus Manu was the procreator of all human beings. According to a third account, the Supreme deity, after dividing the golden egg, separated himself into two parts, male and female, from which sprang Virāj and from him Manu; cf. Ku.2.7. and Ms.1.32 et seq. Mythologically Brahman is represented as being born in a lotus which sprang from the navel of Viṣṇu, and as creating the world by an illicit connection with his own daughter Sarasvatī. Brahman had originally five heads, but one of them was cut down by Śiva with the ring-finger or burnt down by the fire from his third eye. His vehicle is a swan. He has numerous epithets, most of which have reference to his birth, in a lotus.]

-2 A Brāhmaṇa; Ś.4.4.

-3 A devout man.

-4 One of the four Ritvijas or priests employed at a Soma sacrifice.

-5 One conversant with sacred knowledge.

-6 The sun.

-7 Intellect.

-8 An epithet of the seven Prajāpatis:-- मरीचि, अत्रि, अङ्गिरस्, पुलस्त्य, पुलह, क्रतु and वसिष्ठ.

-9 An epithet of Bṛihaspati; ब्रह्मन्नध्ययनस्य नैष समयस्तूष्णीं बहिः स्थीयताम् Hanumannāṭaka.

-1 The planet Jupiter; ब्रह्मराशिं समावृत्य लोहिताङ्गो व्यवस्थितः Mb. 3.6.18.

-11 The world of Brahmā (ब्रह्मलोक); दमस्त्यागो- $प्रमादश्च ते त्रयो ब्रह्मणो हयाः Mb.11.7.23.

-1 Of Śiva.

-Comp. -अक्षरम् the sacred syllable om.

-अङ्गभूः 1 a horse.

-2 one who has touched the several parts of his body by the repetition of Mantras; स च त्वदेकेषुनिपात- साध्यो ब्रह्माङ्गभूर्ब्रह्मणि योजितात्मा Ku.3.15 (see Malli. thereon).

-अञ्जलिः 1 respectful salutation with folded hands while repeating the Veda.

-2 obeisance to a preceptor (at the beginning and conclusion of the repetition of the Veda); अपश्यद्यावतो वेदविदां ब्रह्माञ्जलीनसौ N.17.183; ब्रह्मारम्भे$वसाने च पादौ ग्राह्यौ गुरोः सदा । संहत्य हस्तावध्येयं स हि ब्रह्माञ्जलिः स्मृतः ॥ Ms.2.71.

-अण्डम् 'the egg of Brahman', the primordial egg from which the universe sprang, the world, universe; ब्रह्माण्डच्छत्रदण्डः Dk.1. ˚कपालः the hemisphere of the world. ˚भाण्डोदरम् the hollow of the universe; ब्रह्मा येन कुलालवन्नियमितो ब्रह्माण्ड- भाण्डोदरे Bh.2.95. ˚पुराणम् N. of one of the eighteen Purāṇas.

-अदि(द्रि)जाता an epithet of the river Godāvarī.

-अधिगमः, अधिगमनम् study of the Vedas.

-अम्भस् n. the urine of a cow.

-अभ्यासः the study of the Vedas.

-अयणः, -नः an epithet of Nārāyaṇa.

-अरण्यम् 1 a place of religious study.

-2 N. of a forest.

-अर्पणम् 1 the offering of sacred knowledge.

-2 devoting oneself to the Supreme Spirit.

-3 N. of a spell.

-4 a mode of performing the Śrāddha in which no Piṇḍas or rice-balls are offered.

-अस्त्रम् a missile presided over by Brahman.

-आत्मभूः a horse.

-आनन्दः bliss or rapture of absorption into Brahma; ब्रह्मानन्दसाक्षात्क्रियां Mv.7.31.

-आरम्भः beginning to repeat the Vedas; Ms.2.71.

-आवर्तः N. of the tract between the rivers Sarasvatī and Dṛiṣavatī (northwest of Hastināpura); सरस्वतीदृषद्वत्योर्देवनद्योर्यदन्तरम् । तं देवनिर्मितं देशं ब्रह्मावर्तं प्रचक्षते Ms.2.17,19; Me.5.

-आश्रमः = ब्रह्मचर्याश्रमः; वेदाध्ययननित्यत्वं क्षमा$थाचार्यपूजनम् । अथोपाध्यायशुश्रूषा ब्रह्माश्रमपदं भवेत् ॥ Mb.12.66.14.

-आसनम् a particular position for profound meditation.

-आहुतिः f.

1 the offering of prayers; see ब्रह्मयज्ञ.

-2 the study of the Vedas.

-उज्झता forgetting or neglecting the Vedas; Ms.11.57 (अधीतवेदस्यानभ्यासेन विस्मरणम् Kull.).

-उत्तर a.

1 treating principally of Brahman.

-2 consisting chiefly of Brāhmaṇas.

-उद्यम् explaining the Veda, treatment or discussion of theological problems; ब्राह्मणा भगवन्तो हन्ताहमिमं द्वौ प्रश्नौ प्रक्ष्यामि तौ चेन्मे वक्ष्यति न वै जातु युष्माकमिमं कश्चिद् ब्रह्मोद्यं जेतेति Bṛi. Up.

-उपदेशः instruc- tion in the Vedas or sacred knowledge. ˚नेतृ m. the Palāśa tree.

-ऋषिः (

ब्रह्मर्षिः or

ब्रह्माऋषिः) a Bra- hmanical sage. ˚देशः N. of a district; (कुरुक्षेत्रं च मत्स्याश्च पञ्चालाः शूरसेनकाः । एष ब्रह्मर्षिदेशो वै ब्रह्मावर्तादनन्तरः Ms.2.19).

-ओदनः, -नम् food given to the priests at a sacrifice.

-कन्यका an epithet of Sarasvatī.

-करः a tax paid to the priestly class.

-कर्मन् n.

1 the religious duties of a Brāhmaṇa, the office of Brahman, one of the four principal priests at a sacrifice.

-कला an epithet of Dākṣāyaṇī (who dwells in the heart of man).

-कल्पः an age of Brahman.

-काण्डम् the portion of the Veda relating to spiritual knowledge.

-काष्ठः the mulberry tree.

-किल्बिषम् an offence against Brāhmaṇas.

-कूटः a thoroughly learned Brāhmaṇa.

-कूर्चम् a kind of penance; अहोरात्रोषितो भूत्वा पौर्णमास्यां विशेषतः । पञ्चगव्यं पिबेत् प्रातर्ब्रह्मकूर्चमिति स्मृतम् ॥.

-कृत् one who prays. (-m.) an epithet of Viṣṇu.

-कोशः the treasure of the Vedas, the entire collection of the Vedas; क्षात्रो धर्मः श्रित इव तनुं ब्रह्मकोशस्य गुप्त्यै U.6.9.

-गायत्री N. of a magical mantra composed after the model of गायत्री mantra.

-गिरिः N. of a mountain.

-गीता f. The preaching of Brahmā as included in the Anuśāsana parva of the Mahābhārata.

-गुप्तः N. of an astronomer born in 598. A. D.

-गोलः the universe.

-गौरवम् respect for the missile presided over by Brahman; विष्कम्भितुं समर्थो$पि ना$चलद् ब्रह्मगौरवात् Bk.9.76 (मा भून्मोघो ब्राह्मः पाश इति).

-ग्रन्थिः 1 N. of a particular joint of the body.

-2 N. of the knot which ties together the 3 threads of the यज्ञोपवीत.

-ग्रहः, -पिशाचः, -पुरुषः, -रक्षस् n.,

-राक्षसः a kind of ghost, the ghost of a Brāhmaṇa, who during his life time indulges in a disdainful spirit and carries away the wives of others and the property of Brāh- maṇas; (परस्य योषितं हृत्वा ब्रह्मस्वमपहृत्य च । अरण्ये निर्जले देशे भवति ब्रह्मराक्षसः ॥ Y.3.212; cf. Ms.12.6 also).

-ग्राहिन् a. worthy to receive that which is holy.

-घातकः, -घातिन् m. the murderer of a Brāhmaṇa.

-घातिनी a woman on the second day of her courses.

-घोषः 1 recital of the Veda.

-2 the sacred word, the Vedas collectively; U.6.9 (v. l.).

-घ्नः the murderer of a Brāhmaṇa.

-चक्रम् 1 The circle of the universe; Śvet. Up.

-2 N. of a magical circle.

-चर्यम् 1 religious studentship, the life of celibacy passed by a Brāhmaṇa boy in studying the Vedas, the first stage or order of his life; अविप्लुतब्रह्मचर्यो गृहस्थाश्रममाचरेत् Ms.3.2;2. 249; Mv.1.24; यदिच्छन्तो ब्रह्मचर्यं चरन्ति तत्ते पदं संग्रहेण ब्रवीम्योमित्येतत् Kaṭh.

-2 religious study, self-restraint.

-3 celibacy, chastity, abstinence, continence; also ब्रह्म- चर्याश्रम. (

-र्यः) a religious student; see ब्रह्मचारिन्. (

-र्या) chastity, celibacy. ˚व्रतम् a vow of chastity. ˚स्खलनम् falling off from chastity, incontinence.

-चारिकम् the life of a religious student.

-चारिन् a.

1 studying the Vedas.

-2 practising continence of chastity. (-m.) a religious student, a Brāhmaṇa in the first order of his life, who continues to live with his spiritual guide from the investiture with sacred thread and performs the duties pertaining to his order till he settles in life; ब्रह्मचारी वेदमधीत्य वेदौ वेदान् वा चरेद् ब्रह्मचर्यम् Kaṭha- śrutyopaniṣad 17; Ms.2.41,175;6.87.

-2 one who vows to lead the life of a celibate.

-3 an epithet of Śiva.

-4 of Skanda.

-चारिणी 1 an epithet of Durgā.

-2 a woman who observes the vow of chastity.

-जः an epithet of Kārtikeya.

-जन्मन् n.

1 spirtual birth.

-2 investiture with the sacred thread; ब्रह्मजन्म हि विप्रस्य प्रेत्य चेह च शाश्वतम् Ms.2.146,17.

-जारः the paramour of a Brāhmaṇa's wife; Rāmtā. Up.

-जिज्ञासा desire to know Brahman; अयातो ब्रह्मजिज्ञासा Brahmasūtra.

-जीविन् a. living by sacred knowledge. (-m.) a mercenary Brāhmaṇa (who converts his sacred knowledge into trade), a Brāhmaṇa who lives by sacred knowledge.

-ज्ञानम् knowledge about Brahman; वेदान्तसाङ्ख्यसिद्धान्त- ब्रह्मज्ञानं वदाम्यहम् Garuḍa. P.

-ज्ञ, -ज्ञानिन् a. one who knows Brahma.

(-ज्ञः) 1 an epithet of Kārtikeya.

-2 of Viṣṇu.

-ज्ञानम् true or divine knowledge, knowledge of the identity of the universe with Brahma; ब्रह्मज्ञान- प्रभासंध्याकालो गच्छति धीमताम् Paśupata. Up.7.

-ज्येष्ठः the elder brother of Brahman; ब्रह्मज्येष्ठमुपासते T. Up.2.5. (-a.) having Brahmā as first or chief.

-ज्योतिस् n.

1 the light of Brahma or the Supreme Being.

-2 an epithet of Śiva.

-तत्त्वम् the true knowledge of the Supreme Spirit.

-तन्त्रम् all that is taught in the Veda.

-तालः (in music) a kind of measure.

-तेजस् n.

1 the glory of Brahman.

-2 Brahmanic lustre, the lustre or glory supposed to surround a Brāhmaṇa.

-दः a spiritual preceptor; Ms.4.232.

-दण्डः 1 the curse of a Brāhmaṇa; एकेन ब्रह्मदण्डेन बहवो नाशिता मम Rām.

-2 a tribute paid to a Brāhmaṇa.

-3 an epithet of Śiva.

-4 N. of a mythical weapon (ब्रह्मास्त्र); स्वरस्य रामो जग्राह ब्रह्मदण्डमिवापरम् Rām.3.3.24.

-5 magic, spells, incanta- tion (अभिचार); ब्रह्मदण्डमदृष्टेषु दृष्टेषु चतुरङ्गिणीम् Mb.12. 13.27.

-दर्मा Ptychotis Ajowan (Mar. ओवा).

-दानम् 1 the imparting of sacred knowledge.

-2 sacred knowledge, received as an inheritance or hereditary gift; सर्वेषामेव दानानां ब्रह्मदानं विशिष्यते Ms.4.233.

-दायः 1 instruction in the Vedas, the imparting of sacred knowledge.

-2 sacred knowledge received as an in- heritance; तं प्रतीतं स्वधर्मेण ब्रह्मदायहरं पितुः Ms.3.3.

-3 the earthly possession of a Brāhmaṇa.

-दायादः 1 one who receives the Vedas as his hereditary gift, a Brāhmaṇa.

-2 the son of a Brāhmaṇa.

-दारुः the mulberry tree.

-दिनम् a day of Brahman.

-दूषक a. falsifying the vedic texts; Hch.

-देय a. married according to the Brāhma form of marriage; ब्रह्मदेयात्मसंतानो ज्येष्ठसामग एव च Ms.3.185. (

-यः) the Brāhma form of marriage.

(-यम्) 1 land granted to Brahmaṇas; श्रोत्रियेभ्यो ब्रह्मदेयान्यदण्डकराण्यभिरूपदायकानि प्रयच्छेत् Kau. A.2.1.19.

-2 instruction in the sacred knowledge.

-दैत्यः a Brāhmaṇa changed into a demon; cf. ब्रह्मग्रह.

-द्वारम् entrance into Brahmā; ब्रह्मद्वारमिदमित्येवैतदाह यस्त- पसाहतपाप्मा Maitra. Up.4.4.

-द्विष्, -द्वेषिन् a.

1 hating Brāhmaṇas; Ms.3.154 (Kull.).

-2 hostile to religi- ous acts or devotion, impious, godless.

-द्वेषः hatred of Brāhmaṇas.

-धर a. possessing sacred knowledge.

-नदी an epithet of the river Sarasvatī.

-नाभः an epithet of Viṣṇu.

-निर्वाणम् absorption into the Supreme Spirit; स्थित्वास्यामन्तकाले$पि ब्रह्मनिर्वाणमृच्छति Bg.2.72.

-2 = ब्रह्मानन्द q. v.; तं ब्रह्मनिर्वाणसमाधिमाश्रितम् Bhāg.4.6.39.

-निष्ठ a. absorbed in or intent on the contemplation of the Supreme Spirit; ब्रह्मनिष्ठस्तथा योगी पृथग्भावं न विन्दति Aman. Up.1.31. (

-ष्ठः) the mulberry tree.

-नीडम् the resting-place of Brahman.

-पदम् 1 the rank or position of a Brāhmaṇa.

-2 the place of the Supreme Spirit.

-पवित्रः the Kuśa grass.

-परिषद् f. an assembly of Brāhmṇas.

-पादपः, -पत्रः the Palāśa tree.

-पारः the final object of all sacred knowledge.

-पारायणम् a complete study of the Vedas, the entire Veda; याज्ञवल्क्यो मुनिर्यस्मै ब्रह्मपारायणं जगौ U.4.9; Mv.1.14.

-पाशः N. of a missile presided over by Brahman; अबध्नादपरिस्कन्दं ब्रह्मपाशेन विस्फुरन् Bk.9.75.

-पितृ m. an epithet of Viṣṇu.

-पुत्रः 1 a son of Brahman.

-2 N. of a (male) river which rises in the eastern extremity of the Himālaya and falls with the Ganges into the Bay of Bengal.

(-त्रा) 1 a kind of vegetable poison.

-2 See ब्रह्मपुत्रः (2). (

-त्री) an epithet of the river Sarasvatī.

-पुरम् the heart; दिव्ये ब्रह्मपुरे ह्येष व्योम्न्यात्मा प्रतिष्ठितः Muṇḍ.2.2.7.

-2 the body; Ch. Up.

-पुरम्, -पुरी 1 the city of Brahman (in heaven).

-2 N. of Benares.

-पुराणम् N. of one of the eighteen Purāṇas.

-पुरुषः a minister of Brahman (the five vital airs).

-प्रलयः the universal destruction at the end of one hundred years of Brahman in which even the Supreme Being is supposed to be swallowed up.

-प्राप्तिः f. absorp- tion into the Supreme spirit.

-बलम् the Brahmani- cal power.

-बन्धुः 1 a contemptuous term for a Brāh- maṇa, an unworthy Brāhmaṇa (cf. Mar. भटुर्गा); वस ब्रह्मचर्यं न वै सोम्यास्मत्कुलीनो$ननूज्य ब्रह्मबन्धुरिव भवतीति Ch. Up.6.1.1; ब्रह्मबन्धुरिति स्माहम् Bhāg.1.81.16; M.4; V.2.

-2 one who is a Brāhmaṇa only by caste, a nominal Brāhmaṇa.

-बिन्दुः a drop of saliva sputtered while reciting the Veda.

-बीजम् 1 the mystic syllable om; मनो यच्छेज्जितश्वासो ब्रह्मबीजमविस्मरन् Bhāg.2.1.17.

-2 the mulberry tree.

-ब्रुवः, -ब्रुवाणः one who pretends to be a Brāhmaṇa.

-भवनम् the abode of Brahman.

-भागः 1 the mulberry tree.

-2 the share of the chief priest; अथास्मै ब्रह्मभागं पर्याहरन्ति Śat. Br.

-भावः absorp- tion into the Supreme Spirit

-भावनम् imparting religious knowledge; छेत्ता ते हृदयग्रन्थिमौदर्यो ब्रह्मभावनः Bhāg.3.24.4.

-भिद् a. dividing the one Brahma into many.

-भुवनम् the world of Brahman; आ ब्रह्म- भुवनाल्लोकाः पुनरावर्तिनो$र्जुन Bg.8.16.

-भूत a. become one with Brahma, absorbed into the Supreme Spirit; आयुष्मन्तः सर्व एव ब्रह्मभूता हि मे मताः Mb.1.1.14.

-भूतिः f. twilight.

-भूमिजा a kind of pepper.

-भूयम् 1 identity with Brahma, absorption or dissolution into Brahma, final emancipation; स ब्रह्मभूयं गतिमागजाम R.18.28; ब्रह्मभूयाय कल्पते Bg.14.26; Ms.1.98.

-2 Brahmanahood, the state or rank of a Brāhmaṇa. धृष्टाद्धार्ष्टमभूत् क्षत्र ब्रह्मभूयं गतं क्षितौ Bhāg.9.2.17.

-भूयस n. absorption into Brahma.

-मङ्गलदेवता an epithet of Lakshmī.

-महः a festival in honour of Brāhmaṇas.

-मित्र a. having Brāhmaṇas for friends.

-मीमांसा the Vedānta philosophy which inquires into the nature of Brahma or Supreme Spirit.

-मुहूर्तः a particular hour of the day.

-मूर्ति a. having the form of Brahman.

-मूर्धभृत् m. an epithet of Śiva.

-मेखलः the Munja plant.

-यज्ञः one of the five daily Yajñas or sacrifices (to be performed by a householder), teaching and reciting the Vedas; अध्यापनं ब्रह्मयज्ञः Ms.3.7 (अध्यापनशब्देन अध्य- यनमपि गृह्यते Kull.)

-योगः cultivation or acquisition of spiritual knowledge.

-योनि a.

1 sprung from Brahman; गुरुणा ब्रह्मयोनिना R.1.64. (

-निः) f.

1 original source in Brahman.

-2 the author of the Vedas or of Brahman; किं पुनर्ब्रह्मयोनेर्यस्तव चेतसि वर्तते Ku.6.18. ˚स्थ a. intent on the means of attaining sacred knowledge; ब्राह्मणा ब्रह्मयोनिस्था ये स्वकर्मण्यवस्थिताः Ms.1.74.

-रत्नम् a valuable present made to a Brāhmaṇa.

-रन्ध्रम् an aperture in the crown of the head through which the soul is said to escape on its leaving the body; आरोप्य ब्रह्मरन्ध्रेण ब्रह्म नीत्वोत्सृजेत्तनुम् Bhāg.11.15.24.

-राक्षसः See ब्रह्मग्रह; छिद्रं हि मृगयन्ते स्म विद्वांसो ब्रह्मराक्षसाः Rām. 1.8.17.

-रवः muttering of prayers.

-रसः Brahma's savour. ˚आसवः Brahma's nectar.

-रातः an epithet of Śuka; Bhāg.1.9.8.

-रात्रः early dawn.

-रात्रिः an epithet of Yājñavalkya, (wrong for ब्रह्मरातिः)

-राशिः 1 the whole mass or circle of sacred know- ledge.

-2 an epithet of Paraśurāma.

-3 a particular constellation.

-रीतिः f. a kind of brass.

-रे(ले)खा -लिखितम्, -लेखः lines written by the creator on the forehead of a man which indicate his destiny, the predestined lot of any man.

-लोकः the world of Brahman.

-लौकिक a. inhabiting the ब्रह्मलोक.

-वक्तृ m. an expounder of the Vedas.

-वद्यम् knowledge of Brahma.

-वधः, -वध्या, -हत्या the murder of a Brāh- maṇa.

-वर्चस् n.,

-वर्चसम् 1 divine glory or splendour, spiritual pre-eminence or holiness resulting from sacred knowledge; स य एवमेतद्रथन्तरमग्नौ प्रोतं वेद ब्रह्मवर्चस्यन्नादो भवति Ch. Up.2.12.2; (तस्य) हेतुस्त्वद्ब्रह्मवर्चसम् R.1.63; Ms.2.37;4.94.

-2 the inherent sanctity or power of a Brāhmaṇa; Ś.6.

-वर्चसिन्, -वर्चस्विन् a. holy or sanctified by spiritual pre-eminence, holy; अपृथग्धीरुपा- सीत ब्रह्मवर्चस्व्यकल्मषः Bhāg.11.17.32. (-m.) an eminent or holy Brāhmaṇa; ब्रह्मवर्चस्विनः पुत्रा जायन्ते शिष्टसंमताः Ms. 3.39.

-वर्तः see ब्रह्मावर्त.

-वर्धनम् copper.

-वाच् f. the sacred text.

-वादः a discourse on the sacred texts; ब्रह्मवादः सुसंवृत्तः श्रुतयो यत्र शेरते Bhāg.1.87.1.

-वादिन् m.

1 one who teaches or expounds the Vedas; U.1; Māl.1.

-2 a follower of the Vedānta philosophy; तस्याभिषेक आरब्धो ब्राह्मणैर्ब्रह्मवादिभिः Bhāg.4.15.11. (

-नी) an epithet of Gāyatrī; आयाहि वरदे देवि त्र्यक्षरे ब्रह्मवादिनि Gāyatryāvāhanamantra.

-वासः the abode of Brāhma- ṇas.

-विद्, -विद a.

1 knowing the Supreme Spirit; ब्रह्मविद् ब्रह्मैव भवति. (-m.) a sage, theologian, philosopher.

-विद्या, -वित्त्वम् knowledge of the Supreme Spirit. ब्रह्मविद्यापरिज्ञानं ब्रह्मप्राप्तिकरं स्थितम् Śuka. Up.3.1.

-विन्दुः see ब्रह्मबिन्दु.

-विवर्धनः an epithet of Indra.

-विहारः a pious conduct, perfect state; Buddh.

-वीणा a particular Vīṇā.

-वृक्षः 1 the Palāśa tree.

-2 the Udumbara tree.

-वृत्तिः f. livelihood of a Brāhmaṇa; ब्रह्मवृत्त्या हि पूर्णत्वं तया पूर्णत्वमभ्यसेत् Tejobindu Up.1.42.

-वृन्दम् an assemblage of Brāhmaṇas.

-वेदः 1 knowledge of the Vedas.

-2 monotheism, knowledge of Brahma.

-3 the Veda of the Brāhmaṇas (opp. क्षत्रवेद).

-4 N. of the Atharvaveda; ब्रह्मवेदस्याथर्वर्णं शुक्रमत एव मन्त्राः प्रादु- र्बभूवुः Praṇava Up.4.

-वेदिन् a. knowing the Vedas; cf. ब्रह्मविद्.

-वैवर्तम् N. of one of the eighteen Purāṇas

-व्रतम् a vow of chastity.

-शल्यः Acacia Arabica (Mar. बाभळ).

-शाला 1 the hall of Brahman.

-2 a place for reciting the Vedas.

-शासनम् 1 a decree addressed to Brāhmaṇas.

-2 a command of Brahman.

-3 the command of a Brāhmaṇa.

-4 instruction about sacred duty.

-शिरस्, -शीर्षन् n. N. of a particular missile; अस्त्रं ब्रह्मशिरस्तस्मै ततस्तोषाद्ददौ गुरुः Bm.1.649.

-श्री N. of a Sāman.

-संसद् f. an assembly of Brāh- maṇas.

-संस्थ a. wholly devoted to the sacred know- ledge (ब्रह्म); ब्रह्मसंस्थो$मृतत्वमेति Ch. Up.2.23.1.

-सती an epithet of the river Sarasvatī.

-सत्रम् 1 repeating and teaching the Vedas (= ब्रह्मयज्ञ q. v.); ब्रह्मसत्रेण जीवति Ms.4.9; ब्रह्मसत्रे व्यवस्थितः Mb.12.243.4.

-2 medita- tion of Brahma (ब्रह्मविचार); स्वायंभुव ब्रह्मसत्रं जनलोके$भवत् पुरा Bhāg.1.87.9.

-3 absorption into the Supreme Spirit.

-सत्रिन् a. offering the sacrifice of prayer.

-सदस् n. the residence of Brahman.

-सभा the hall or court of Brahman.

-संभव a. sprung or coming from Brahman. (

-वः) N. of Nārada.

-सर्पः a kind of snake.

-सवः distillation of Soma.

-सायुज्यम् com- plete identification with the Supreme Spirit; cf. ब्रह्मभूय.

-सार्ष्टिता identification or union or equality with Brahma; Ms.4.232.

-सावर्णिः N. of the tenth Manu; दशमो ब्रह्मसावर्णिरुपश्लोकसुतो महान् Bhāg.8.13.21.

-सुतः 1 N. of Nārada, Marīchi &c.

-2 a kind of Ketu.

-सुवर्चला f.

1 N. of a medicinal plant (ब्राह्मी ?).

-2 an infusion (क्वथितमुदक); पिबेद् ब्रह्मसुवर्चलाम् Ms.11.159.

-सूः 1 N. of Aniruddha.

-2 N. of the god of love.

-सूत्रम् 1 the sacred thread worn by the Brāhmaṇas or the twice-born (द्विज) over the shoulder; Bhāg. 1.39.51.

-2 the aphorisms of the Vedānta philosophy by Bādarāyaṇa; ब्रह्मसूत्रपदैश्चैव हेतुमद्भिर्विनिश्चितैः Bg.13.4.

-सूत्रिन् a. invested with the sacred thread.

-सृज् m. an epithet of Śiva.

-स्तम्बः the world, universe; ब्रह्मस्तम्बनिकुञ्जपुञ्जितघनज्याघोषघोरं धनुः Mv.3.48.

-स्तेयम् acquiring holy knowledge by unlawful means; स ब्रह्मस्तेयसंयुक्तो नरकं प्रतिपद्यते Ms.2.116.

-स्थली a place for learning the Veda (पाठशाला);...... ब्रह्मस्थलीषु च । सरी- सृपाणि दृश्यन्ते... Rām.6.1.16.

-स्थानः the mulberry tree.

-स्वम् the property or possessions of a Brāhmaṇa; परस्य योषितं हृत्वा ब्रह्मस्वमपहृत्य च । अरण्ये निर्जले देशे भवति ब्रह्मराक्षसः ॥ Y.3.212. ˚हारिन् a. stealing a Brāhmaṇa's property.

-स्वरूप a. of the nature of the Supreme Spirit.

-हत्या, -वधः Brahmanicide, killing a Brāh- maṇa; ब्रह्महत्यां वा एते घ्नन्ति Trisuparṇa. हन् a. murderer of a Brāhmaṇa; ब्रह्महा द्वादश समाः कुटीं कृत्वा वने वसेत् Ms.11.72.

-हुतम् one of the five daily Yajñas or sacrifices, which consists in offering the rites of hospitality to guests; cf. Ms.3.74.

-हृदयः, -यम् N. of a star (Capella).

Sanskrit-English dictionary > ब्रह्मन् _brahman
17 ἐξουσία

ἐξουσία, ας, ἡ (Soph., Thu.+; ins, pap, LXX, En, pseudepigr., Philo, Joseph., Just.; Tat. 30, 1; Mel., P. 104, 810 [Bodm.]) from ἔξεστιν.

① a state of control over someth., freedom of choice, right (e.g., the ‘right’ to act, decide, or dispose of one’s property as one wishes: BGU 1158, 13 [9 B.C.] = Mitt-Wilck. II/2, 234, 13 legal t.t., esp. in wills: POxy 272, 13; BGU 183, 25 ἔχειν αὐτὴν τὴν ἐ. τῶν ἰδίων πάντων; PTebt 319, 21.—Sir 30:11) ἐξουσίαν ἔχειν have the right 2 Th 3:9 (Just., D 16, 4). W. inf. foll. (Teles p. 23, 14; 24, 11; Tob 2:13 S; 7:10 S) J 10:18; 1 Cor 9:4ff; Hb 13:10; Rv 13:5; B 4:2. W. obj. gen. foll. (τίς οὖν ἔτι ἔχει μου ἐξουσίαν; Epict. 3, 24, 70; διδόναι ἐξουσίαν τῶν πετεινῶν Did., Gen. 61, 24) εἰ ἄλλοι τῆς ὑμῶν ἐ. μετέχουσι 1 Cor 9:12. Also ἐ. ἐπὶ τὸ ξύλον τῆς ζωῆς the right to the tree of life Rv 22:14. W. verbs of two constr. ἔχει ἐ. ὁ κεραμεὺς τοῦ πηλοῦ ἐκ τοῦ αὐτοῦ φυράματος the potter has a right over the clay, to make fr. the same lump Ro 9:21. ἐ. ἔχειν περί τινος (4 Macc 4:5) be at liberty w. regard to a thing (opp. ἀνάγκην ἔχειν) 1 Cor 7:37; cp. 8:9; ἐ. ἐν τ. εὐαγγελίῳ a right in the gospel 9:18. ἐν τῇ σῇ ἐ. ὑπῆρχεν was at your disposal Ac 5:4 (Esth 4:17b; Appian, Liby. 52 §226 ἐν ἐ. εἶναι τί τινι=someth. is at someone’s disposal, is within one’s power).

② potential or resource to command, control, or govern, capability, might, power (on capacity for someth. cp. Did., Gen. 162, 5: ἡ προσαιρέσεως ἐξουσία; cp. 1 Esdr 4:28, 40; 2 Macc 7:16 the king can do what he pleases because he has the capability for doing so) ἡ ἐ. τ. ἵππων ἐν τ. στόματι αὐτῶν ἐστιν Rv 9:19; cp. vs. 3; 13:2, 4; 18:1; Mt 9:8; Ac 8:19. W. inf. foll. to indicate the thing that one is able to do (En 25:4 ἅψασθαι; Diod S 4, 52, 4 ἀμύνασθαι εἶχεν ἐξουσίαν; Mel., P. 104 πάντα κρίνει); ἐκβάλλειν τ. δαιμόνια [b]Mk 3:15. ἐμβαλεῖν εἰς τ. γέενναν Lk 12:5; cp. J 1:12; 7:1 v.l.; Rv 9:10; 11:6. W. gen. of the inf. foll. τοῦ πατεῖν ἐπάνω ὄφεων Lk 10:19; ποιεῖν ἐ. exercise power Rv 13:12. ἐ. ἔχειν τινός have power over someone (Epict. 4, 12, 8) GPt 3:7; ἑαυτοῦ IPol 7:3; also ἐ. ἔχειν ἐπί τινος Rv 20:6; cp. AcPl Ha 1, 3. Esp. of God’s power (Theodor. Prodr. 5, 313 ἡ θεῶν ἐ.; Da 4:17; Jos., Ant. 5, 109; 18, 214) Lk 12:5 (cp. 2 Cl 5:4); Ac 1:7; Jd 25; Hs 9, 23, 4. πάντων τ. ἐξουσίαν power over all Hm 4, 1, 11; Hs 9, 28, 8. πᾶσα ἡ ἐ. 5, 7, 3 (En 9:5). τὴν κατὰ πάντων ἐ. MPol. 2:1. τέλους ἐ. power over the end PtK 2 p. 13, 22. ἐ. ἐπὶ τ. πληγάς control over the plagues Rv 16:9. Also of Satan’s power Ac 26:18; ending of Mk in the Freer ms.; B 2:1.—The power that comes fr. God can involve transcendent knowledge, and both may be expressed by ἐ. (Herm. Wr. 1, 13; 14; 32). So his hearers conclude fr. Jesus’ teaching that he must have ἐ. (i.e. it is not necessary for him to first ask what the traditional practice or interpretation requires) Mk 1:22 (‘license’ of a Jewish teacher L-S-J-M Suppl., ’68; against this AArgyle, ET 80, ’68/69, 343); cp. Mt 7:29 (Rtzst., Poim. 48, 3, Mysterienrel.³ 302; 363; JStarr, HTR 23, 1930, 302–5; HWindisch, Pls. u. Christus ’34, 151ff; DDaube, JTS 39, ’38, 45–59; HFlowers, ET 66, ’55, 254 [‘like a king’]; DHudson, ET 67, ’55/56, 17; JCoutts, JTS 8, ’57, 111–18 [Jesus and the 12]). The prep. expr. κατʼ ἐξουσίαν in accordance w. knowledge and power Mk 1:27 and ἐν ἐ. Lk 4:32 belong to this classification; cp. 4:36. The close relation of ἐ. w. ‘gnosis’ and teaching also B 18:1.—But it is not always possible to draw a hard and fast line betw. this sense and

③ the right to control or command, authority, absolute power, warrant (Sextus 36: the πιστός has ἐ. fr. God) ἐ. καὶ ἐπιτροπή (cp. Ps.-Pla., Defin. p. 415c ἐξουσία, ἐπιτροπὴ νόμου) authority and commission Ac 26:12. ἐν ποίᾳ ἐξουσίᾳ ταῦτα ποιεῖς; by whose authority are you doing this? Mt 21:23, 24, 27; Mk 11:28, 29, 33; Lk 20:2, 8. ἐ. διδόναι τινί put someone in charge (Diod S 13, 36, 2; 14, 81, 6; cp. Vi. Aesopi G 11 p. 39, 6 P.; En 9:7; TestJob 3:6; Jos., Ant. 2, 90; 20, 193) Mk 13:34; PtK 2 p. 14, 13. οἷς ἔδωκεν τοῦ εὐαγγελίου τὴν ἐ. to whom he gave rights over the Gospel (for its proclamation) B 8:3. ὅτι τὸ ἄρχειν ἐξουσίας ἐστίν that ruling depends on authority 6:18. Of apostolic authority 2 Cor 10:8; 13:10; ISm 4:1. Of Jesus’ total authority Mt 28:18 (cp. Herm. Wr. 1, 32; Da 7:14; DStanley, CBQ 29, ’67, 555–73); Hs 5, 6, 1. W. gen. of the one who has authority ἐ. τοῦ Χριστοῦ Rv 12:10 (Just., A I, 40, 7). W. gen. of that over which the authority is exercised (Diod S 2, 27, 3; IDefixWünsch 4, 21; Ps 135:8, 9; Wsd 10:14; Sir 17:2; Jos., Vi. 190) ἐ. πνευμάτων ἀκαθάρτων over the unclean spirits Mt 10:1; Mk 6:7; cp. J 17:2; Hm 4, 3, 5; PtK 2 p. 14, 13; 1 Cl 61:2; ISm 4:1; τούτου τοῦ λαοῦ Hs 8, 3, 3. Also ἐπί w. acc. (cp. Sir 33:20) Lk 9:1; cp. Rv 6:8; 13:7. Likew. ἐπί w. gen. (cp. Da 3:97) Rv 2:26; 11:6b; 14:18. παρά τινος (also ἀπό τινος Orig., C. Cels. 2, 13, 56) indicates the source of the authority (s. παρά A3b) Ac 9:14; 26:10; Hs 5, 6, 4 (restored from the Lat.; ἐ. λαμβάνειν as Diod S 11, 42, 6; TestJob 8:2f; 16:4; Vi. Aesopi G 11 p. 39, 4 P.) and κατά τινος the one against whom it is directed (TestJob 16:2 κατʼ ἐμοῦ; 8:2 κατὰ τῶν ὑπαρχόντων μου ‘over my possessions’; Sb 8316, 6f κύριε Σάραπι δὸς αὐτῷ κατεξουσίαν κατὰ τῶν ἐχθρῶν αὐτοῦ; Orig., C. Cels. 7, 43, 25) J 19:11 (HvCampenhausen, TLZ 73, ’48, 387–92); B 4:13. W. pres. inf. foll. (cp. X., Mem. 2, 6, 24 and 35; Diod S 12, 75, 4; 1 Macc 10:35; 11:58; Jos., Ant. 4, 247) Mt 9:6; Mk 2:10; Lk 5:24; J 5:27. W. aor. inf. foll. (Jdth 8:15; 1 Esdr 8:22; 1 Macc 1:13) 19:10. Foll. by gen. of the pres. inf. (4 Macc 5:15) Hm 12, 4, 2.—RDillon, ‘As One Having Authority’ (Mark 1:22): CBQ 57, ’95, 92–113.

④ power exercised by rulers or others in high position by virtue of their office, ruling power, official power (Ps.-Pla., Alc. 1, 135b al.; LXX; Jos., Bell. 2, 140, Vi. 80) ἐ. ὡς βασιλεύς Rv 17:12f (Diod S 2, 45, 1 βασιλικὴν ἐ. ἔχειν; 14, 32, 5 ἐ. λαμβάνειν); ἐ. τοῦ ἡγεμόνος Lk 20:20; cp. J 19:10f, s. 3 above. ἐ. ἐπάνω δέκα πόλεων Lk 19:17. ἄνθρωπος ὑπὸ ἐξουσίαν τασσόμενος a man under authority 7:8 (MFrost, ET 45, ’34, 477f); cp. Mt 8:9; Hs 1:3.—The power of a particular office (Diod S 1, 70, 1; 14, 113, 6 ἡ ὑπατικὴ ἐξουσία; Plut., Mar. 406 [2, 1], Caes. 734 [58, 1]) ἐπαρχικὴ ἐ. the power of prefect Phlm subscr.

⑤ bearer of ruling authority

ⓐ human authorities, officials, government (Dionys. Hal. 8, 44; 11, 32; POxy 261, 15) Lk 12:11 (here and elsewh. in NT w. ἀρχή, as also in Pla.); Ro 13:1, 2, 3 (with 13:1b cp. the express. ‘ancient saying’ [s. Hes., Theogony 96 ἐκ δὲ Διὸς βασιλῆες. On this HFränkel, Dichtung u. Philos. des frühen Griechentums ’62, 111 n. 6] in Artem. 2, 36 p. 135, 24; 2, 69 p. 161, 17 τὸ κρατοῦν δύναμιν ἔχει θεοῦ=the ruling power has its authority from God; Wsd 6:3; Jos., Bell. 2, 140 οὐ δίχα θεοῦ περιγενέσθαι τινὶ τὸ ἄρχειν … ἐξουσίαν); Tit 3:1. For the view that the ἐ. of Ro 13 are spirit powers, as b below, s. OCullmann, Christ and Time (tr. Filson) ’50, 191–210.—On the subj. in gener. s. LGaugusch, D. Staatslehre d. Ap. Pls nach Ro 13: ThGl 5, ’34, 529–50; JUitman, Onder Eig. Vaandel 15, ’40, 102–21; HvCampenhausen, ABertholet Festschr. ’50, 97–113; OCullmann, Zur neuesten Diskussion über die ἐξουσίαι in Rö 13:1: TZ 10, ’54, 321–36, D. Staat im NT ’61² (Eng. tr.: The State in the NT ’56, 93–114); against him AStrobel, ZNW 47, ’56, 67–93.—GCaird, Princip. and Powers ’56; RMorgenthaler TZ 12, ’56, 289–304; CMorrison, The Powers That Be ’60; EBarnikol, Rö 13. Der nichtpaulinische Ursprung der absoluten Obrigkeitsbejahung v. Rö 13:1–7 ’61, 65–133; HSchlier, Principalities and Powers in the NT ’61 (Eng. tr.); MBorg, NTS 19, ’72/73, 205–18. οἱ ἐπʼ ἐξουσίαν ἀχθέντες those who are brought before the authorities Hs 9, 28, 4.

ⓑ of transcendent rulers and functionaries: powers of the spirit world (TestLevi 3:8; TestSol 20:15 B), sg. (w. ἀρχή and δύναμις) 1 Cor 15:24; Eph 1:21; Col 2:10. Pl. (w. ἀρχαί as Just., D. 41, 1; cp. Orig., C. Cels. 4, 29, 22) Eph 3:10; 6:12; Col 1:16; 2:15; (w. ἄγγελοι, δυνάμεις) 1 Pt 3:22. Cp. the v.l. for ἄρχειν Papias (4).

⑥ the sphere in which power is exercised, domain (4 Km 20:13; Ps 113:2) Lk 4:6. ἐκ τ. ἐξουσίας Ἡρῴδου ἐστίν he comes fr. Herod’s jurisdiction 23:7. ἐ. τοῦ σκότους domain of darkness 22:53; Col 1:13 (opp. the βασιλεία of Christ). Hence ἐ. τοῦ ἀέρος simply domain of the air Eph 2:2; s. ἀήρ 2b.

⑦ Various opinions are held about the mng. of 1 Cor 11:10 ὀφείλει ἡ γυνὴ ἐξουσίαν ἔχειν ἐπὶ τῆς κεφαλῆς διὰ τοὺς ἀγγέλους. Many now understand it as a means of exercising power (cp. δύναμις 1b.—It is abstract for concrete, as βασιλεία [1] in Diod S 1, 47, 5: a stone figure ἔχουσα τρεῖς βασιλείας ἐπὶ τῆς κεφαλῆς=that wears three symbols of royal power [diadems] on its head), that is to say, the veil (κάλυμμα is v.l. for ἐ. here; s. critical apparatus in N.) by which women at prayer (when they draw near to the heavenly realm) protect themselves fr. the amorous glances of certain angels. But the veil may also have been simply a symbol of womanly dignity, esp. befitting a Christian woman, and esp. in the presence of holy angels (s. Cadbury below).—WWeber, ZWT 46, 1903, 487–99; Dibelius, Geisterwelt 12–23 al.; EFehrle, Die kultische Keuschheit im Altertum1910, 39; RPerdelwitz, StKr 86, 1913, 611–13; LBrun, ZNW 14, 1913, 298–308; GKittel, Rabbinica 1920, 17ff; Billerb. III 423–35; KBornhäuser, NKZ 41, 1930, 475–88; WFoerster, ZNW 30, ’31, 185f; MGinsburger, RHPR 12, ’32, 245–47; OMotta, ET 44, ’33, 139–41; CSpicq, RB 48, ’39, 557–62; EBlakeney, ET 55, ’44, 138; SLösch, TQ 127, ’47, 216–61; JFitzmyer, NTS 3, ’57, 48–58; HCadbury, HTR 51, ’58, 1f (Qumran parallels); MHooker, NTS 10, ’64, 410–16; AIsaksson, Marriage and Ministry in the NT ’65, 176–81; GSchwartz, ZNW 70, ’79, 249 (Aramaic background).—LCerfaux et JTondriau, Un Concurrent du Christianisme, ’57. S. on ἄγγελος 2c.—V.l. for ἄρχειν Papias (4).—DELG s.v. εἰμί. New Docs 2, 83f. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > ἐξουσία
18 rzecz

f 1. (przedmiot) thing
- rzeczy osobiste personal belongings

- biuro rzeczy znalezionych the lost property office

- zabrał ze sobą tylko najpotrzebniejsze rzeczy he took only the most necessary things with him

- zabrał wszystkie swoje rzeczy i poszedł he took all his stuff a. belongings and went

- traktował ją jak swoją rzecz he treated her as his plaything
2. (sprawa) matter, question
- to nie twoja rzecz it’s none of your business

- jej źródło utrzymania to drażliwa rzecz the source of her income is a touchy matter
3. (nieokreślone zjawisko) thing
- zajmować się różnymi/wieloma rzeczami to be engaged in various/many things

- wykształcenie i wychowanie to dwie różne rzeczy education and upbringing are two different things a. matters

- lubi malować, rysować i w ogóle takie rzeczy pot. he likes painting and drawing and stuff like that pot.

- jest kilka rzeczy, które lubię, na przykład truskawki there are a number of things I like, for example strawberries

- ludzie mówili różne rzeczy people were saying all sorts of things
4. (treść myśli, wypowiedzi) thing
- brać rzecz dosłownie to take it literally

- ujmować rzecz jednostronnie to take a one-sided view of the matter

- mówił o niej nieprzyjemne rzeczy he said unpleasant things about her

- chciał wyrazić tę rzecz w słowach he tried to express the thing in words
5. (zadanie, obowiązek) business
- to nie twoja rzecz it’s none of your business, it’s of no concern to you

- rzeczą pisarza jest przede wszystkim dostarczanie dzieł literackich it’s a writer’s job to produce literature
6. (wydarzenie, fakt, okoliczność) thing
- stała się nieprawdopodobna rzecz an unbelievable thing happened

- to rzecz naturalna, że młody chłopak się zakochał it’s a natural thing for a young boy to fall in love
7. Filoz. thing
- rzecz sama w sobie the thing in itself
8. (dzieło sztuki, utwór literacki, muzyczny) thing, piece
- to dobrze napisana rzecz it’s a good piece of writing

- czytałem ciekawą rzecz I read an interesting thing

- komponował znakomite rzeczy he composed superb things; he composed great stuff pot.

■ (cała) rzecz w tym, że… the thing is, …, the point is…

- to moja/twoja/jego rzecz it’s my/your/his business

- rzecz prosta of course, naturally

- rzecz prosta, pomogę ci, ale… of course, I’ll help you, but…

- bieg a. kolej a. obrót a. porządek rzeczy a course of events

- brać się/wziąć się do rzeczy to get down to business; to get down to brass tacks pot.

- nie od rzeczy będzie/byłoby… it wouldn't be a bad idea to…

- nie od rzeczy byłoby przypomnieć jego osiągnięcia it would be worthwhile to recall his achievements

- co to ma do rzeczy? what’s that got to do with it?

- być do rzeczy to be all right pot.

- to wypracowanie jest do rzeczy, całkiem niezłe the essay is sensibly written, not bad at all

- ta dziewczyna jest całkiem do rzeczy the girl’s quite all right

- nie twoją/jego/jej rzeczą jest…. it’s not your concern to …

- błądzić jest rzeczą ludzką to err is human

- istota a. sedno rzeczy the heart a. crux of the matter

- ładne rzeczy! my word!

- mówić do rzeczy to talk sense

- mówić od rzeczy a. nie do rzeczy to talk nonsense

- zbierali datki na rzecz bezdomnych they were collecting money for the homeless

- nazwać rzecz po imieniu to call a spade a spade

- nic z tych rzeczy pot. nothing of the kind a. of the sort

- odbiegać od rzeczy to stray from the point, to digress

- ogólnie/ściśle rzecz biorąc generally/strictly speaking

- rzecz idzie o najwyższą stawkę it’s a matter of life and death

- stan a. postać rzeczy state of affairs

- to nie ma nic do rzeczy that’s beside the point

- w gruncie rzeczy a. w istocie rzeczy a. w samej rzeczy as a matter of fact

- w samej rzeczy, nie o to mi chodzi in fact, this is not what I mean

- wiadoma rzecza. jest rzeczą wiadomą, że… it’s a well-known fact that…

- wiadoma rzecz jak jest w wojsku we all know what it’s like in the army

- widzieć/wiedzieć, jak rzeczy stoją a. jak się rzeczy mają to know/to see how the land lies

- lepiej żeby wiedział jak rzeczy stoją it would be better for him to know how matters stand

- wielkie rzeczy! a. wielka (mi) rzecz! pot. big deal! iron.

- wielka mi rzecz, każdy umie tak śpiewać! big deal, anyone can sing like that!

- wracać/przystępować do rzeczy to return/come to the point

- nie wtrącaj się w nie swoje rzeczy mind your own business

- z natury rzeczy a. siłą rzeczy (quite) naturally

- siłą rzeczy musiał tam pojechać events forced him to go there

- znać się na rzeczy to know what’s what

* * *

-y; -y; gen pl; -y; f

thing

- rzeczy

* * *

rzecz

f.

1. (= przedmiot) thing, object.

2. pl. (= własność, dobytek, strój, wyposażenie) things, belongings, property; to są moje rzeczy these are my things; rzeczy osobiste personal belongings l. possessions; biuro rzeczy znalezionych lost property office.

3. (= sprawa, dziedzina) ( w wielu utartych wyrażeniach) ładne rzeczy! a pretty kettle of fish!; nic z tych rzeczy nothing of the kind l. sort; te rzeczy są mi obce these things aren't up my street; to moja rzecz it's my business; to nie moja rzecz it's none of my business; wielka mi rzecz! l. wielkie rzeczy! big deal!; wojsko to męska rzecz army life is for men; znać się na rzeczy know one's stuff; be knowledgeable.

4. pl. (= naturalny bieg spraw) things, affairs; (zwykła) kolej rzeczy the (ordinary) course of things; stan rzeczy the state of affairs; siłą rzeczy of course, naturally; w gruncie rzeczy essentially.

5. (= temat, treść, t. w licznych utartych zwrotach) issue, matter, topic, point; coś jest na rzeczy there's something in it; co to ma do rzeczy? what does that have to do with the matter at hand?; do rzeczy! back to the point; mówić do rzeczy/od rzeczy talk sense/nonsense; nazywać rzeczy po imieniu call a spade a spade; nie od rzeczy byłoby... it would not be amiss to...; ogólnie rzecz biorąc generally speaking; przystąpić do rzeczy get to the point; address the issue; rzecz w tym, że... the problem is that...; sedno/istota rzeczy the heart/crux of the matter; spis rzeczy (= spis treści) contents; to nie ma nic do rzeczy that's neither here nor there; to zmienia postać rzeczy that makes a difference; w rzeczy samej indeed; w tym (cała) rzecz that's the whole point.

6. z przymiotnikami ( tworzy równoważniki zdań okolicznikowych) rzecz dziwna... strangely enough...; rzecz jasna... l. rzecz oczywista... of course..., needless to say..., it goes without saying that...; rzecz prosta... predictably (enough)...

7. na rzecz kogoś/czegoś prawn. to l. for sb/sth; przekazać darowiznę na rzecz instytucji make a donation to l. for an institution; zasądzić coś na czyjąś rzecz adjudge sth to sb.

8. fil. thing; rzecz sama w sobie thing-in-itself.

The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > rzecz
19 κοινός

κοινός, ή, όν (s. the numerous cognates that follow this entry; Hes.+) prim. ‘common’ (opp. ἴδιος)

① pert. to being of mutual interest or shared collectively, communal, common (so gener. Gk. lit., also LXX; EpArist, Philo, Joseph., SibOr).

ⓐ adj. (ὁ κ. πάντων πατήρ Orig., C. Cels. 8, 53, 27) τράπεζα (Diod S 4, 74, 2) Dg 5:7a. πίστις Tit 1:4. σωτηρία (cp. SIG 409, 33f [ca. 275 B.C.]; X., An. 3, 2, 32; Diod S 37, 2, 5; Polyaenus 5, 31) Jd 3. κ. ἐλπίς IEph 21:2; IPhld 5:2; 11:2. κ. ὄνομα (Philo, Abr. 7, Leg. ad Gai. 194) IEph 1:2; εἶχον ἅπαντα κ. they had everything in common (κοινὰ πάντα ἔχειν: Strabo 7, 3, 9.—Diod S 5, 9, 4: the inhabitants of Lipara τὰς οὐσίας κοινὰς ποιησάμενοι καὶ ζῶντες κατὰ συσσίτια=they made their possessions common property and lived acc. to the custom of common meals; Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 30, 168 of the Pythagoreans: κοινὰ πᾶσι πάντα … ἦν, ἴδιον δὲ οὐδεὶς οὐδὲν ἐκέκτητο. Porphyr., Vi. Pyth. 20. The word occurs in a sim. context w. ref. to the Essenes: Philo, Prob. Lib. 85; 86; Jos., Ant. 18, 20, and the Therapeutae: Philo, Vi. Cont. 32; 40; HBraun, Qumran u. d. NT, I, ’66, 43–50. Even Pla., Phdr. 279c κοινὰ τὰ τῶν φίλων) Ac 2:44; cp. 4:32 (cp. 1QS 6:2; for the recurring idea of the “other self” in antiquity s. also Persius, Satires 5, 22f; Horace, Odes 1, 3, 8; 2, 17, 5).—PSchmiedel, Die Gütergemeinschaft der ältesten Christenheit: PM 2, 1898, 367–78; EvDobschütz, Probleme des apost. Zeitalters 1904, 39ff; JBehm, Kommunismus im Urchristentum: NKZ 31, 1920, 275–97; KLake: Beginn. I/5, ’33, 140–51; Haenchen ad loc. (lit.). κοινῆς εἰκαιότητος καὶ ἀπάτης of general silliness and deceit Dg 4:6—Of body and spirit ἀμφότερα κ. ἐστιν both are in communion = belong together, cannot be separated Hs 5, 7, 4.

ⓑ subst. τὸ κοινόν what is (in) common τὸ κ. τῆς ἐλπίδος the common ground of hope 1 Cl 51:1.—τὸ κ. the society, the community (to designate all those who belong to a given group: POxy 53, 2 τὸ κ. τῶν τεκτόνων; 84, 3; Jos., Vi. 65; Orig., C. Cels. 1, 31, 26; Hippol., Ref. 9, 19, 1) διακονία εἰς τὸ κ. service for the (Christian) community IPhld 1:1. Also the common treasury (Appian, Iber. 8, §31 τὸ κ.=the state treasury) of slaves ἐλευθεροῦσθαι ἀπὸ τοῦ κ. to be freed at the expense of the common treasury (i.e. of the Christian community) IPol 4:3 (cp. X., An. 4, 7, 27; 5, 1, 12 ἀπὸ κοινοῦ=at state expense; Jos., Vi. 297 ἐκ τοῦ κ.; 298).

ⓒ adv. κοινῇ together, collectively (Soph., Thu.+; ins; PMagd 29, 2; LXX; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 70; 2, 166; Just., A I, 67, 5 and 7) IEph 20:2; ISm 12:2 (both in contrast to κατʼ ἄνδρα [‘man for man’, ‘individually’], as SIG 1073, 18); 7:2 (opp. κατʼ ἰδίαν, as Diod S 11, 24, 4; Dio Chrys. 34 [51], 9; SIG 630, 15 (restored rdg.); 2 Macc 9:26). τὸ κοινῇ συμφέρον the common good B 4:10.

② pert. to being of little value because of being common, common, ordinary, profane

ⓐ in a general sense (cp. Alcman [VII B.C.], Fgm. 49 D.² τὰ κοινά of that which ordinary people eat, in contrast to those of more refined tastes; Plut., Mor. 751b καλὸν γὰρ ἡ φιλία καὶ ἀστεῖον, ἡ δὲ ἡδονὴ κοινὸν καὶ ἀνελεύθερον [Ltzm., Hdb. on Ro 14:14]; cp. 1 Macc 1:47, 62; EpArist 315=Jos., Ant. 12, 112 κοινοὶ ἄνθρωποι; 13, 4; Iren. 4, 18, 5 [Harv. II 206, 11]). κ. ἡγεῖσθαί τι consider someth. ordinary Hb 10:29, unless this belongs in 2b.

ⓑ specifically, of that which is ceremonially impure: Rv 21:27. χεῖρες (ceremon.) impure Mk 7:2, 5 (MSmith, Tannaitic Parall. to the Gosp. ’51, 31f); οὐδὲν κ. διʼ ἑαυτοῦ nothing is unclean of itself Ro 14:14a; cp. bc of this same vs. οὐδέποτε ἔφαγον πᾶν κ. καὶ ἀκάθαρτον I have never eaten anything common or unclean (1 Macc 1:62) Ac 10:14; cp. vs. 28; 11:8 (CHouse, Andrews University Seminary Studies 21, ’83, 143–53); GJs 6:1 (s. deStrycker). Hb 10:29, s. 2a.—Dg 5:7b (see κοίτη 1b).—B. 1365. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > κοινός
20 as

as, assis, m. (nom. assis, Don. ad Ter. Phorm. 1, 1, 9, and Schol. ad Pers. 2, 59; old form assārĭus, ii, m.; and in the gen. plur. assariūm, Varr. L. L. 8, § 71 Müll.; Charis. p. 58 P.) [heis, Dor. ais, Tarent. as, Hinter].
I.
In gen., unity, a unit; as a standard for different coins, weight, measure, etc. (in Vitr. 3, 1, p. 61 Rode, perfectus numerus, the perfect number, fundamental number), acc. to the duodecimal system, divided into 12 parts, or uncias, with the following particular designations: uncia = 1s./12 duodecima (sc. pars) sextans = 2/12 = 1s./6 sexta quadrans = 3/12 = 1s./4 quarta, also teruncius or triuncis triens = 4/12 = 1s./3 tertia or quincunx = 5s./12 sextans cum quadrante semissis s. semis = 6/12 = 1s./2 dimidia septunx = 7s./12 quadrans cum triente bessis s. bes = 8/12 = 2/3, for beis s. binae partes assis. dodrans = 9/12 = 3s./4 terni quadrantes dextans s. decunx = 10/12 = 5s./6 quini sextantes deunx = 11s./12 undecim unciaeThe uncia was again divided into smaller parts: semuncia = 1/2 uncia = 1/24 assis. duella = 1/3 uncia = 1/36 assis. sicilicus (-um) = 1/4 uncia = 1/48 assis. sextula = 1/6 uncia = 1/72 assis. drachma = 1/8 uncia = 1/96 assis. hemisecla = 1/12 uncia = 1/144 assis. scripulum = 1/24 uncia = 1/288 assis.The multiples of the as received the following designations: dupondius = 2 asses. tripondius s. tressis = 3 asses. (quadressis) = 4 asses. quinquessis = 5 asses. sexis (only in the connection decussissexis in Vitr. 1. c.) = 6 asses. septissis = 7 asses. octussis = 8 asses. nonussis (novissis?) = 9 asses. decussis = 10 asses. bicessis = 20 asses. tricessis = 30 asses, and so on to centussis = 100 asses. (Cf. Varr. L. L. 5, § 169 sq. Müll.)
II.
Esp.
A.
1.. As a copper coin, the as was, acc. to the ancient custom of weighing money, originally a pound (asses librales or aes grave), of the value of about 8 8 d. /89, or 16 2/3 cents, and was uncoined (aes rude) until Servius Tullius stamped it with the figures of animals (hence pecunia, from pecus); cf. Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 9; Plin. 33, 3, 13, § 42 sqq. In the first Punic war, on account of the scarcity of money, the as was reduced to a sixth part of its original weight, i. e. two ounces; hence asses sextantarii (of the value of about 1 103 d. /297, or 2.8 cents), and the state gained five sixths. In the second Punic war, and the dictatorship of Fabius, the as was again reduced one half, to one ounce; hence asses unciales, about equal to 200 d. /297, or 1.4 cents. Finally, the Lex Papiria (A.U.C. 563, B.C. 191) reduced the as to half an ounce; hence asses semiunciales = 100 d. /297, or 7.9 1/3 mills, which continued as a standard even under the emperors. In all these reductions, however, the names of coins remained, independent of the weight of the as: uncia, sextans, quadrans, etc.; cf. Grotef. Gr. II. p. 253 sq.—From the small value of the as after the last reduction, the following phrases arose: quod non opus est, asse carum est, Cato ap. Sen. Ep. 94:
Quod (sc. pondus auri) si comminuas, vilem redigatur ad assem,
Hor. S. 1, 1, 43:
viatica ad assem Perdiderat,
to the last farthing, id. Ep. 2, 2, 27:
ad assem impendium reddere,
Plin. Ep. 1, 15:
rumores Omnes unius aestimemus assis,
Cat. 5, 3:
Non assis facis?
id. 42, 13.—Hence,
2.
The proverbs,
a.
Assem habeas, assem valeas, your worth is estimated by your possessions, Petr. 77, 6:
crumena plena assium,
Gell. 20, 1.—
b.
Assem elephanto dare, to give something (as a petition, and the like) with trembling to a superior (a metaphor derived from trained elephants, which, after playing their parts, were accustomed to take pay for themselves, which was given them with fear by the multitude; cf. Plin. 8, 5, 5, § 14), Augustus ap. Quint. 6, 3, 59, and Macr. S. 2, 4; Varr. ap. Non. p. 531, 10 sq.—
B.
In inheritances and other money matters, where a division was made, the as, with its parts, was used to designate the portions. Thus haeres ex asse, sole heir; haeres ex semisse, he who receives one half of the inheritance; haeres ex dodrante, he who receives three fourths; and so, haeres ex besse, triente, quadrante, sextante, etc.;
ex semiunciā, ex sextulā, ex duabus sextulis, etc.,
Dig. 28, 5, 50; 34, 9, 2; Suet. Caes. 83; Cic. Caecin. 6 et saep.:
Nerva constituit, ut tu ex triente socius esses, ego ex besse,
Dig. 17, 2, 76:
bessem fundi emere ab aliquo,
ib. 26, 21, 2, § 39:
quadrans et semissis fundi,
ib. 6, 1, 8 al.;
hence, in assem, in asse, or ex asse,
in all, entirely, completely, Dig. 36, 45:
vendere fundum in assem,
ib. 20, 6, 9; so Col. 3, 3, 8 and 9:
in asse,
id. 2, 12, 7:
sic in asse flunt octo menses et dies decem,
id. 2, 12, 7:
ex asse aut ex parte possidere,
Dig. 2, 8, 15; Sid. Ep. 2, 1; 6, 12; 8, 6 al.—
C.
As a measure of extent.
a.
An acre, acc. to the same divisions as above, from scripulum to the as, Col. 5, 1, 9 sq.:
proscindere semissem, iterare assem,
Plin. 18, 19, 49, § 178.—
b.
A foot, Col. 5, 3.—
D.
Of weight, a pound, acc. to the same division; cf.
Fann. Pond. 41: In haec solide sexta face assis eat,
Ov. Med. Fac. 60.â† Mathematicians (v. Vitr. l. c.) called the number 6 perfectus numerus (since 1 + 2 + 3 = 6), and formed, accordingly, the following terminology: 1 = sextans, as a dice-number. unio. 2 = triens.......... binio. 3 = semissis.......... ternio. 4 = bessis (dimoiros)..... quaternio. 5 = quintarius....... quinio. 6 = perfectus numerus.... senio. 7 = ephektos, sex adjecto asse = 6 + 1. 8 = adtertiarius, sex adjectā tertiā = 6 + 2 (epitritos). 9 = sesquialter, sex adjectā dimidiā = 6 + 3 (hêmiolios). 10 = bes alter, sex duabus partibus additis = 6 + 4 (epidimoiros). 11 = adquintarius, sex quinque partibus additis = 6 + 5 (epipentamoiros). 12 = duplio (diplasiôn).

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > as

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